Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Akh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2noun:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [number] => sing [possessor] => no.owner [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q [subj] => 3.sing.cl.1 [obj] => none )addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="χ ɜː ˈ ʃ">χɜːˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t ə ɾʷ ɘː ˈ q">təɾʷɘːˈq</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="kʰʷ ᵊ ɗʷ">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1.OBJ" ph="ʜ ᵊ r">ʜᵊr</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="ɬ ɨː ˈ r">ɬɨːˈr</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="tʰ ᵊ ɬ">tʰᵊɬ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ χʷ ᵊ ʡ">aˈχʷᵊʡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="a ˈ ɠ">aˈɠ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="sʷ ə f">sʷəf</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="t əː sʷ ɨ ˈ tʷ">təːsʷɨˈtʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɠʷ au ˈ p">ɠʷauˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɘ ˈ ɗʷ">ɘˈɗʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɘ ˈ ɾ əː k">ɘˈɾəːk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ ɗ ə ɗ">aˈɗəɗ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="χ ɜː ˈ ʃ">χɜːˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t ə ɾʷ ɘː ˈ q">təɾʷɘːˈq</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="kʰʷ ᵊ ɗʷ">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1.OBJ" ph="ʜ ᵊ r">ʜᵊr</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="ɬ ɨː ˈ r">ɬɨːˈr</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="tʰ ᵊ ɬ">tʰᵊɬ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ χʷ ᵊ ʡ">aˈχʷᵊʡ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="a ˈ ɠ">aˈɠ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="sʷ ə f">sʷəf</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="t əː sʷ ɨ ˈ tʷ">təːsʷɨˈtʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɠʷ au ˈ p">ɠʷauˈp</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɘ ˈ ɗʷ">ɘˈɗʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɘ ˈ ɾ əː k">ɘˈɾəːk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ ɗ ə ɗ">aˈɗəɗ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">χɜːˈʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">təɾʷɘːˈq</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.1.OBJ">ʜᵊr</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.2" obj="3.plur.cl.1">ɬɨːˈr</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">tʰᵊɬ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">aˈχʷᵊʡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">h</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">aˈɠ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">sʷəf</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">təːsʷɨˈtʷ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɠʷauˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">ɘˈɗʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">ɘˈɾəːk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">aˈɗəɗ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">aiˈk</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈχɜːʃ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">təˈɾʷɘːq</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʜᵊr</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.cl.1.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɬɨːr</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʰᵊɬ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaχʷᵊʡ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">h-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɠ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷəf</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">təːˈsʷɨtʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɠʷaup</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɘɗʷ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɘɾəːk</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kᵊsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɗəɗ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈχɜːʃ təˈɾʷɘːq kʰʷᵊɗʷ ʜᵊr ˈɬɨːr tʰᵊɬ ˈsaχʷᵊʡ ˈhaik ˈsaɠ ˈtaik sʷəf təːˈsʷɨtʷ ˈɠʷaup ˈsɘɗʷ ˈsɘɾəːk kᵊsʷ ˈsaɗəɗˈ aik</p> + <p>χèèsh derwëëq quhddw ħħŕ hlyyŕ thl saχwʡ haig sagg daig swef deeswydw ggwaub sëddw sëreeg gsw saddedd aig</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈχɜːʃ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>təˈɾʷɘːq</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰʷᵊɗʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʜᵊr</o> + <g>3.plur.cl.1.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɬɨːr</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʰᵊɬ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaχʷᵊʡ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>h-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɠ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷəf</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>təːˈsʷɨtʷ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɠʷaup</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɘɗʷ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɘɾəːk</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kᵊsʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɗəɗ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Χèèsh derwëëq quhddw ħħŕ hlyyŕ thl saχwʡ haig sagg daig swef deeswydw ggwaub sëddw sëreeg gsw saddedd aig.
But our language arose in a different way.
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