Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Bik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="plur"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + </subs> + </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - </subs> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning masc
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sˤ e fʲ">sˤefʲ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʃʲ i dʲ">ʃʲidʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="dʲ a ɓʲ">dʲaɓʲ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" ph="sˤ i bˠ">sˤibˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e ʒˠ">eʒˠ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="sʲ i tˠ">sʲitˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="pˠ o ɡˠ">pˠoɡˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɡˠ i zˤ">ɡˠizˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="sʲ ɛ xˠ">sʲɛxˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="kʼˠ a">kʼˠa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="fʲ">fʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˠ a">kʼˠa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="sˠ">sˠ</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dˠ a ɓˠ">dˠaɓˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dʲ u sʲ">dʲusʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒˠ u ʃʲ">ʒˠuʃʲ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dˠ a ɓˠ">dˠaɓˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ i fˠ ɔ zʲ">ɡˠifˠɔzʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sˤ e fʲ">sˤefʲ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʃʲ i dʲ">ʃʲidʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="dʲ a ɓʲ">dʲaɓʲ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" ph="sˤ i bˠ">sˤibˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e ʒˠ">eʒˠ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="sʲ i tˠ">sʲitˠ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="pˠ o ɡˠ">pˠoɡˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɡˠ i zˤ">ɡˠizˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="kʼʲ">kʼʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="sʲ ɛ xˠ">sʲɛxˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="kʼˠ a">kʼˠa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="fʲ">fʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˠ a">kʼˠa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="sˠ">sˠ</thingy> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dˠ a ɓˠ">dˠaɓˠ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dʲ u sʲ">dʲusʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒˠ u ʃʲ">ʒˠuʃʲ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="dˠ a ɓˠ">dˠaɓˠ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ i fˠ ɔ zʲ">ɡˠifˠɔzʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">sˤefʲ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʃʲidʲ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">dʲaɓʲ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number">sˤibˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">eʒˠ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">sʲitˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">pˠoɡˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">osˤ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ɡˠizˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">kʼʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc">sʲɛxˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">osˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">kʼˠa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">fʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">esˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">kʼˠa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">sˠ</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">esˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">dˠaɓˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">dʲusʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">osˤ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʒˠuʃʲ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">dˠaɓˠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">ɡˠifˠɔzʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">osˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤefʲ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʼʲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲidʲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʲaɓʲ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʼʲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤibˠ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-eʒˠ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʲitˠ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pˠoɡˠ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-osˤ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡˠizˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʼʲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʲɛxˠ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-osˤ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼˠa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-fʲ</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-esˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼˠa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˠ</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-esˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˠaɓˠ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʲusʲ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-osˤ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒˠuʃʲ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˠaɓˠ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡˠifˠɔzʲ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-osˤ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>sˤefʲikʼʲ ʃʲidʲ dʲaɓʲikʼʲ sˤibˠeʒˠ sʲitˠ pˠoɡˠosˤ ɡˠizˤikʼʲ sʲɛxˠosˤ kʼˠafʲesˤ kʼˠasˠesˤ dˠaɓˠ dʲusʲosˤ ʒˠuʃʲ dˠaɓˠ ɡˠifˠɔzʲosˤ</p> + <p>съeфикь шидь дяб̱икь съiбэжъ ситъ погосъ гызъiкь сьэхосъ кафесъ касэсъ даб̱ъ дюсёсъ жушь даб̱ъ гыфъозёсъ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sˤefʲ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʼʲ</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲidʲ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʲaɓʲ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʼʲ</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤibˠ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-eʒˠ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʲitˠ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pˠoɡˠ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-osˤ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡˠizˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʼʲ</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʲɛxˠ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-osˤ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼˠa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-fʲ</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-esˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼˠa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˠ</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-esˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˠaɓˠ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʲusʲ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-osˤ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒˠuʃʲ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˠaɓˠ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡˠifˠɔzʲ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-osˤ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Съeфикь шидь дяб̱икь съiбэжъ ситъ погосъ гызъiкь сьэхосъ кафесъ касэсъ даб̱ъ дюсёсъ жушь даб̱ъ гыфъозёсъ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: