Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Fimo, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/optional

No change.

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j u">ju</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t a t e&#x2D0;">tateː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n &#x259;#&#x2D0;">nə#ː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="w i&#x330;">wḭ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" ph="l o&#x330;">lo̰</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f i&#x2D0; m o">fiːmo</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q &#x254;i">qɔi</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur" ph="d &#x259;#&#x330;">də#̰</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="&#x14B; u&#x2D0;">ŋuː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p ai">pai</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="s e&#x2D0; d o">seːdo</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="l a j a">laja</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="b o&#x330;">bo̰</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j u">ju</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t a t e&#x2D0;">tateː</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n &#x259;#&#x2D0;">nə#ː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="w i&#x330;">wḭ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" ph="l o&#x330;">lo̰</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f i&#x2D0; m o">fiːmo</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q &#x254;i">qɔi</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur" ph="d &#x259;#&#x330;">də#̰</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="&#x14B; u&#x2D0;">ŋuː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p ai">pai</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="s e&#x2D0; d o">seːdo</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="l a j a">laja</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="b o&#x330;">bo̰</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q &#x259;#&#x2D0;">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ju</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">tateː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nə#ː</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.plur.cl.1">wḭ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">lo̰</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">fiːmo</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">qɔi</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.1incl.plur">də#̰</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner">ŋuː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">pai</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">seːdo</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">laja</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">bo̰</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ju&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tateː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;wḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lo̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.cl.3.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiːmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing.no.owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qɔi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰̃&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing.1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur.no.owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing.no.owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;seːdo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing.no.owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bo̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing.no.owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ju tateː nə̃ː wḭ lo̰ fiːmo qə̃ː qɔi də̰̃ ŋuː qə̃ː pai seːdo laja qə̃ː bo̰ qə̃ː</p>
+  <p>ju tatee nẽẽ wi’ lo’ fiimo qẽẽ qoi dẽ’ nguu qẽẽ pai seedo laja qẽẽ bo’ qẽẽ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ju</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tateː</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nə̃ː</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>wḭ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lo̰</o>
+      <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiːmo</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qə̃ː</o>
+      <g>sing.no.owner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qɔi</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰̃</o>
+      <g>sing.1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋuː</o>
+      <g>plur.no.owner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qə̃ː</o>
+      <g>sing.no.owner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pai</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>seːdo</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laja</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qə̃ː</o>
+      <g>sing.no.owner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bo̰</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qə̃ː</o>
+      <g>sing.no.owner</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ju tatee nẽẽ wi’ lo’ fiimo qẽẽ qoi dẽ’ nguu qẽẽ pai seedo laja qẽẽ bo’ qẽẽ.

But our language arose in a different way.

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