Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Yosh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="m a f">maf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ɕ a nˤ e">t͡ɕanˤe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="j o̰ ʃ">jo̰ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="dˤ i w">dˤiw</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="ɲ e">ɲe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="m i sˤ">misˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="h a ŋ">haŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ŋ u ɽ">ŋuɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ɕ e ʃ">t͡ɕeʃ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a s">as</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ au ɲ">ɲauɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="m a f">maf</word> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ɕ a nˤ e">t͡ɕanˤe</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="j o̰ ʃ">jo̰ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ j" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="dˤ i w">dˤiw</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="ɲ e">ɲe</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="m i sˤ">misˤ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="h a ŋ">haŋ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ŋ u ɽ">ŋuɽ</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ɕ e ʃ">t͡ɕeʃ</word> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a s">as</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ au ɲ">ɲauɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ j" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="m a f">maf</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ɕ a nˤ e">t͡ɕanˤe</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="j o̰ ʃ">jo̰ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ j" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="dˤ i w">dˤiw</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="ɲ e">ɲe</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="m i sˤ">misˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ j">ḭj</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="h a ŋ">haŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ŋ u ɽ">ŋuɽ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ɕ e ʃ">t͡ɕeʃ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a s">as</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ au ɲ">ɲauɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ j" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">maf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡ɕanˤe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">jo̰ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS">dˤiw</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1">ɲe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl.plur">misˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ḭj</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">haŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ŋuɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">t͡ɕeʃ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">as</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">ɲauɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="ḭ j">ṵj</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maf</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕanˤe</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-m</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jo̰ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭj</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤiw</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲe</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">misˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭj</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-as</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲauɲ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭj</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>maf t͡ɕanˤen t͡ʃim jo̰ʃṵj dˤiw ɲeɾ t͡ʃif misˤḭj haŋ ŋuɽ t͡ɕeʃas ɲauɲṵj</p> + <p>maf tyaṇen chim jo’shu’j ḍiw ñer chif miṣi’j hang ngurr tyeshas ñauñu’j</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>maf</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕanˤe</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-m</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jo̰ʃ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭj</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤiw</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲe</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>misˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭj</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haŋ</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋuɽ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕeʃ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-as</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲauɲ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭj</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Maf tyaṇen chim jo’shu’j ḍiw ñer chif miṣi’j hang ngurr tyeshas ñauñu’j.
But our language arose in a different way.
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