Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Fo, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" gender="neut"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" role="subj"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" role="subj"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> - </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="k" slots="Cip">k</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i kʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">hikʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ u ŋʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ŋuŋʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="kʼʷ oː ŋ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷoːŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʷ æː ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʷæːʃ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ŋʷ ɤ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="ŋʷ eː ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷeːʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">mɯt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ ɤ n" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷɤn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʋ ɑ s" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʋɑs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o kʼ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">bokʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="b ɨ ɡʷ ɨ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">bɨɡʷɨf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/k/ + /h/ > // + /h/<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="k" slots="Cip">k</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i kʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">hikʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="k"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i kʷ">hikʷ</word> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ u ŋʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ŋuŋʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ u ŋʷ">ŋuŋʷ</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="kʼʷ oː ŋ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷoːŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʷ æː ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʷæːʃ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ŋʷ ɤ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="ŋʷ eː ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷeːʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">mɯt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ ɤ n" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋʷɤn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʋ ɑ s" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʋɑs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o kʼ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">bokʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="b ɨ ɡʷ ɨ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">bɨɡʷɨf</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="kʼʷ oː ŋ">kʼʷoːŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʷ æː ʃ">kʷæːʃ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ŋʷ ɤ t͡ʃ">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="ŋʷ eː ʃ">ŋʷeːʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m ɯ t͡ʃ">mɯt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ ɤ n">ŋʷɤn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʋ ɑ s">ʋɑs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o kʼ">bokʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="b ɨ ɡʷ ɨ f">bɨɡʷɨf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="k"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i kʷ">hikʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ u ŋʷ">ŋuŋʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="kʼʷ oː ŋ">kʼʷoːŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʷ æː ʃ">kʷæːʃ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ŋʷ ɤ t͡ʃ">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="ŋʷ eː ʃ">ŋʷeːʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m ɯ t͡ʃ">mɯt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ ɤ n">ŋʷɤn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʋ ɑ s">ʋɑs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o kʼ">bokʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="b ɨ ɡʷ ɨ f">bɨɡʷɨf</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="kʼʷ ɤ ŋʷ">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" underlying="k"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">hikʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋuŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">kʼʷoːŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="neut">kʷæːʃ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">ŋʷeːʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">mɯt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc">ŋʷɤn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ʋɑs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">bokʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">bɨɡʷɨf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">kʼʷɤŋʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hikʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋuŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷoːŋ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷæːʃ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷeːʃ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷɤn</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋɑs</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷɤŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bokʼ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨɡʷɨf</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷɤŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>hikʷ ŋuŋʷ kʼʷoːŋ kʷæːʃ ŋʷɤt͡ʃ ŋʷeːʃ mɯt͡ʃ ŋʷɤn ʋɑs kʼʷɤŋʷ bokʼ bɨɡʷɨf kʼʷɤŋʷ</p> + <p>hiqu ngungw gquoong quääsh ngwơch ngweesh mưch ngwơn was gquơngw bogk bygwyf gquơngw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hikʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋuŋʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷoːŋ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷæːʃ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷɤt͡ʃ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷeːʃ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷɤn</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋɑs</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷɤŋʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bokʼ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨɡʷɨf</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷɤŋʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Hiqu ngungw gquoong quääsh ngwơch ngweesh mưch ngwơn was gquơngw bogk bygwyf gquơngw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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