Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Naget, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
calling defaultval for obj/
defaultval: verb, obj
returning none
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj.mode.ta/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/obj/obligatory
Got none
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for RELPRON/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj.mode.ta/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/obj/obligatory
Got 3.plur.masc
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k uː q" slots="Cir Cfr">kuːq</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST" attach="prefix" ph="n o s" slots="Cip Cir">nos</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="qʷ ɑ b i" slots="Cmr V1">qʷɑbi</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p" slots="Cms Cms">p</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f" slots="Cms Cfs">t͡ʃif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q" slots="Cis Cfs">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip Cip">j</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ eː t" slots="Cmr Cfr">ŋʷeːt</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d͡z eː" slots="Cir V1">d͡zeː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e t͡s" slots="V1 Cfs">et͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ʒ i t͡s" slots="Cip Cir">ʒit͡s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t͡ʃ iː" slots="Cmr V1">t͡ʃiː</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="z" slots="Cms Cms">z</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f" slots="Cms Cfs">t͡ʃif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q" slots="Cis Cfs">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip Cip">j</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="d͡ʒ ḛ q" slots="Cmr Cfr">d͡ʒḛq</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="j æː" slots="Cir V1">jæː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="oː d͡ʒ" slots="V1 Cfs">oːd͡ʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b o d͡ʒ" slots="Cir Cfr">bod͡ʒ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɡ æ l" slots="Cir Cfr">ɡæl</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC" attach="prefix" ph="l" slots="Cip Cip">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="s+q u r" slots="Cmr Cfr">squr</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/s/ + /qʷ/ > // + /s+qʷ/
/i/ + /p/ > /i/ + /p/
/p/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /t͡ʃ/
/j/ + /t/ > // + /d/
/k/ + /ŋʷ/ > // + /ŋ/
/eː/ + /e/ > // + /e/
/t͡s/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /t͡ʃ/
/iː/ + /z/ > /iː/ + /z/
/z/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /ʒ/
/j/ + /t/ > // + /d/
/k/ + /d͡ʒ/ > // + /t͡ʃ/
/æː/ + /oː/ > // + /e/
/l/ + /t/ > // + /d/
/k/ + /s+q/ > // + /k/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k uː q" slots="Cir Cfr">kuːq</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST" attach="prefix" ph="n o s" slots="Cip Cir">nos</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="qʷ ɑ b i" slots="Cmr V1">qʷɑbi</word> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p" slots="Cms Cms">p</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f" slots="Cms Cfs">t͡ʃif</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q" slots="Cis Cfs">niq</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip Cip">j</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="ŋʷ eː t" slots="Cmr Cfr">ŋʷeːt</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d͡z eː" slots="Cir V1">d͡zeː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e t͡s" slots="V1 Cfs">et͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ʒ i t͡s" slots="Cip Cir">ʒit͡s</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t͡ʃ iː" slots="Cmr V1">t͡ʃiː</word> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="z" slots="Cms Cms">z</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f" slots="Cms Cfs">t͡ʃif</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q" slots="Cis Cfs">niq</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip Cip">j</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="d͡ʒ ḛ q" slots="Cmr Cfr">d͡ʒḛq</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="j æː" slots="Cir V1">jæː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="oː d͡ʒ" slots="V1 Cfs">oːd͡ʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b o d͡ʒ" slots="Cir Cfr">bod͡ʒ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɡ æ l" slots="Cir Cfr">ɡæl</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC" attach="prefix" ph="l" slots="Cip Cip">l</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="t æ̰ k" slots="Cip Cir">tæ̰k</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="s+q u r" slots="Cmr Cfr">squr</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k uː q">kuːq</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST" attach="prefix" ph="n o" underlying="n o s">no</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s+qʷ ɑ b i" underlying="qʷ ɑ b i">sqʷɑbi</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="" underlying="p"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f">t͡ʃif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="ŋ eː t" underlying="ŋʷ eː t">ŋeːt</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d͡z" underlying="d͡z eː">d͡z</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e t͡s">et͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ʒ i" underlying="ʒ i t͡s">ʒi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t͡ʃ iː">t͡ʃiː</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="" underlying="z"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ʒ i f" underlying="t͡ʃ i f">ʒif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ ḛ q" underlying="d͡ʒ ḛ q">t͡ʃḛq</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="j" underlying="j æː">j</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e d͡ʒ" underlying="oː d͡ʒ">ed͡ʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b o d͡ʒ">bod͡ʒ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɡ æ l">ɡæl</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="l"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="k u r" underlying="s+q u r">kur</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k uː q">kuːq</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST" attach="prefix" ph="n o" underlying="n o s">no</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s+qʷ ɑ b i" underlying="qʷ ɑ b i">sqʷɑbi</word> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="" underlying="p"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ i f">t͡ʃif</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q">niq</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="ŋ eː t" underlying="ŋʷ eː t">ŋeːt</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d͡z" underlying="d͡z eː">d͡z</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e t͡s">et͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ʒ i" underlying="ʒ i t͡s">ʒi</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t͡ʃ iː">t͡ʃiː</word> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="" underlying="z"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ʒ i f" underlying="t͡ʃ i f">ʒif</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS" ph="n i q">niq</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ ḛ q" underlying="d͡ʒ ḛ q">t͡ʃḛq</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="j" underlying="j æː">j</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e d͡ʒ" underlying="oː d͡ʒ">ed͡ʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b o d͡ʒ">bod͡ʒ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɡ æ l">ɡæl</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="l"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="d æ̰" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="k u r" underlying="s+q u r">kur</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">kuːq</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST" underlying="n o s">no</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="qʷ ɑ b i">sqʷɑbi</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" underlying="p"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">t͡ʃif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" underlying="j"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" underlying="ŋʷ eː t">ŋeːt,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" underlying="d͡z eː">d͡z</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">et͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj.mode.ta" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES" underlying="ʒ i t͡s">ʒi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">t͡ʃiː</word> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.masc.OBJ" underlying="z"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" underlying="t͡ʃ i f">ʒif</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.negation" function="enclitic" gloss="active.POS">niq</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" underlying="j"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" underlying="d͡ʒ ḛ q">t͡ʃḛq</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" underlying="j æː">j</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" underlying="oː d͡ʒ">ed͡ʒ,</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">bod͡ʒ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">ɡæl</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC" underlying="l"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" underlying="t æ̰ k">dæ̰</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" underlying="s+q u r">kur</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuːq</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nos-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.indicative.<span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʷɑbi</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">none.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃif</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">niq</span><br><span class="gls">active.<span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tæ̰k-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷeːt</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zeː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-et͡s</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒit͡s-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.indicative.<span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃiː</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-z</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.masc.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃif</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">niq</span><br><span class="gls">active.<span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tæ̰k-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒḛq</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jæː</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oːd͡ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bod͡ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡæl</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tæ̰k-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">squr</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span></p> + <p>kuːq nosqʷɑbit͡ʃif niq dæ̰ŋeːt, d͡zet͡s ʒit͡ʃiːʒif niq dæ̰t͡ʃḛq jed͡ʒ, bod͡ʒ ɡæl dæ̰kur</p> + <p>кууԟ носԟвабичиф ниԟ дә’ӈеет, ѕец жичиижиф ниԟ дә’че’ԟ јеџ, боџ гәл дә’кур</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kuːq</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nos-</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.indicative.PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʷɑbi</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>none.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ʃif</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>niq</o> + <g>active.POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tæ̰k-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷeːt</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zeː</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-et͡s</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒit͡s-</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.indicative.PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃiː</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-z</o> + <g>3.plur.masc.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ʃif</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>niq</o> + <g>active.POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tæ̰k-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒḛq</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jæː</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-oːd͡ʒ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bod͡ʒ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡæl</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tæ̰k-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>squr</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Кууԟ носԟвабичиф ниԟ дә’ӈеет, ѕец жичиижиф ниԟ дә’че’ԟ јеџ, боџ гәл дә’кур.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: