Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Shus, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="au ˈ ʂ">auˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="tˤ o ˈ ʃ">tˤoˈʃ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ ai ˈ">nˤaiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t ai ˈ θˤ">taiˈθˤ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="b u ˈ θˤ">buˈθˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="k i ˈ ɡ">kiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɽ o ˈ s">ɽoˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="sˤ au ˈ">sˤauˈ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="tˤ e kʼ i ˈ ʈ">tˤekʼiˈʈ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="sˤ au ˈ">sˤauˈ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="au ˈ ʂ">auˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="tˤ o ˈ ʃ">tˤoˈʃ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ ai ˈ">nˤaiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t ai ˈ θˤ">taiˈθˤ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="b u ˈ θˤ">buˈθˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="k i ˈ ɡ">kiˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɽ o ˈ s">ɽoˈs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="sˤ au ˈ">sˤauˈ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="tˤ e kʼ i ˈ ʈ">tˤekʼiˈʈ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="sˤ au ˈ">sˤauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">auˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">tˤoˈʃ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">taiˈθˤ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">buˈθˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">kiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">ɽoˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">sˤauˈ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">tˤekʼiˈʈ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">sˤauˈ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʂ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤoʃ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤai</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtaiθˤ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbuθˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽos</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤau</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeˈkʼiʈ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤau</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʋauʂ ŋiŋ ˈtˤoʃ ˈnˤai ˈɖeɡ ˈtaiθˤ ˈbuθˤ ˈɖeɡ ˈkiɡ ˈɽos ˈsˤau ˈᵏǀˤiɡ tˤeˈkʼiʈ ˈsˤau</p> + <p>ووښ ڭڭ طش نٓي ڈگ تيثٓ بثٓ ڈگ كگ ړس صو قۡٓگ طݿٹ صو</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʂ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤoʃ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤai</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtaiθˤ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbuθˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkiɡ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽos</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤau</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeˈkʼiʈ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤau</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ووښ ڭڭ طش نٓي ڈگ تيثٓ بثٓ ڈگ كگ ړس صو قۡٓگ طݿٹ صو۔
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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