Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Nup, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+      </subs>
+      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
-      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

No change.

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" number="sing">
+      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
+    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
+      <np role="subj" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
+    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" gender="masc">
+      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
        </vp>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/optional

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
+      <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
+      <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+          <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
+          <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <subs>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x28B; i &#x2C8; b">ʋiˈb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#xE6;&#x330; k e &#x2C8; &#x261;">æ̰keˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="e&#x330; s">ḛs</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x251;&#x330; &#x2C8; s">ɑ̰ˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="y&#x330; &#x261;">y̰ɡ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl" ph="z o &#x2C8; &#x272;">zoˈɲ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl" ph="b e&#x330; &#x2C8;">bḛˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="b e &#x272;">beɲ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="d y &#x283; i &#x2C8; f">dyʃiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n u &#x2C8; p">nuˈp</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b e&#x330; &#x2C8;">bḛˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x28B;">ʋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="&#xE6; &#x2C8; d">æˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="y&#x330; &#x261;">y̰ɡ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="d y &#x283; i &#x2C8; f">dyʃiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="p &#x251; &#x2C8; d">pɑˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d i t">dit</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p &#x251; &#x2C8;">pɑˈ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x28B; i &#x2C8; b">ʋiˈb</word>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#xE6;&#x330; k e &#x2C8; &#x261;">æ̰keˈɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="e&#x330; s">ḛs</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x251;&#x330; &#x2C8; s">ɑ̰ˈs</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="y&#x330; &#x261;">y̰ɡ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl" ph="z o &#x2C8; &#x272;">zoˈɲ</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl" ph="b e&#x330; &#x2C8;">bḛˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="b e &#x272;">beɲ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="d y &#x283; i &#x2C8; f">dyʃiˈf</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n u &#x2C8; p">nuˈp</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b e&#x330; &#x2C8;">bḛˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x28B;">ʋ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="&#xE6; &#x2C8; d">æˈd</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="y&#x330; &#x261;">y̰ɡ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="d y &#x283; i &#x2C8; f">dyʃiˈf</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="p &#x251; &#x2C8; d">pɑˈd</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d i t">dit</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p &#x251; &#x2C8;">pɑˈ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ʋiˈb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">b</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">æ̰keˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ḛs</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">b</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">ɑ̰ˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">y̰ɡ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">zoˈɲ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl">bḛˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">t͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">beɲ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">dyʃiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">nuˈp</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">bḛˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">ʋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">b</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">æˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">y̰ɡ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">dyʃiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">pɑˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">dit</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">pɑˈ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʋib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈæ̰keɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ḛs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɑ̰s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-y̰ɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈzoɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbḛ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;beɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dyˈʃif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈnup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbḛ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈæd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-y̰ɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dyˈʃif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpɑd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpɑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈʋib bæ̰ˈkeɡḛs ˈbɑ̰sy̰ɡ ˈzoɲ ˈbḛt͡ʃ beɲ dyˈʃif ˈnup ˈbḛʋ ˈbædy̰ɡ dyˈʃif ˈpɑd dit ˈpɑ</p>
+  <p>виб бә’кеґе’с ба’сү’ґ зоњ бе’ч бењ дүшиф нуп бе’в бәдү’ґ дүшиф пад дит па</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʋib</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈæ̰keɡ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ḛs</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɑ̰s</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-y̰ɡ</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈzoɲ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbḛ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>beɲ</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dyˈʃif</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈnup</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbḛ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʋ</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈæd</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-y̰ɡ</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dyˈʃif</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpɑd</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dit</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpɑ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Виб бә’кеґе’с ба’сү’ґ зоњ бе’ч бењ дүшиф нуп бе’в бәдү’ґ дүшиф пад дит па.

But our language arose in a different way.

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