Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Duga, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+      </subs>
+      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
-      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
-        <np role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
+            <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
  <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
    <np locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np def="def">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
+      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np def="def">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number">
-      <subs>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-      </subs>
-      <np role="subj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/>
-      </np>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">saː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#x28B; a&#x2D0; z a" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cmr V2">ɲaːʋaːza</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s+t u&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">stuː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">kaː</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t e&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">teː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b o" slots="Cir V1">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x261; a" slots="Cir V1">ɡa</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3" ph="b a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">baː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b o" slots="Cir V1">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d u &#x261; a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">duɡa</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="z+&#x261; i&#x2D0; &#x272; o" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">zɡiːɲo</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="z a d a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">zadaː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="z+b i" slots="Cir V1">zbi</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s o&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">soː</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

applysandhi:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">saː</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#x28B; a&#x2D0; z a" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cmr V2">ɲaːʋaːza</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s+t u&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">stuː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a&#x2D0;">saː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#x28B; a&#x2D0; z a">ɲaːʋaːza</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s+t u&#x2D0;">stuː</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">kaː</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t e&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">teː</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b o" slots="Cir V1">bo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x261; a" slots="Cir V1">ɡa</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3" ph="b a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">baː</word>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k a&#x2D0;">kaː</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t e&#x2D0;">teː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b o">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x261; a">ɡa</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3" ph="b a&#x2D0;">baː</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b o" slots="Cir V1">bo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d u &#x261; a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">duɡa</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b o">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d u &#x261; a">duɡa</word>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="z+&#x261; i&#x2D0; &#x272; o" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">zɡiːɲo</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="z+&#x261; i&#x2D0; &#x272; o">zɡiːɲo</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="z a d a&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">zadaː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="z+b i" slots="Cir V1">zbi</word>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s o&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">soː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="z a d a&#x2D0;">zadaː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="z+b i">zbi</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s o&#x2D0;">soː</word>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a&#x2D0;">saː</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#x28B; a&#x2D0; z a">ɲaːʋaːza</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s+t u&#x2D0;">stuː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k a&#x2D0;">kaː</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t e&#x2D0;">teː</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b o">bo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x261; a">ɡa</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3" ph="b a&#x2D0;">baː</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b o">bo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d u &#x261; a">duɡa</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="z+&#x261; i&#x2D0; &#x272; o">zɡiːɲo</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="z a d a&#x2D0;">zadaː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="z+b i">zbi</word>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s o&#x2D0;">soː</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">saː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɲaːʋaːza</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">stuː</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">kaː</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">teː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">ɡa</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3">baː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">bo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">duɡa</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">zɡiːɲo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj">zadaː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">zbi</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">soː</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲaːʋaːza&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;stuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;teː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;baː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;duɡa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zɡiːɲo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zadaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zbi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;soː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>saː ɲaːʋaːza stuː kaː teː bo ɡa baː bo duɡa zɡiːɲo zadaː zbi soː</p>
+  <p>saa ñaawaaza stuu kaa tee bo ga baa bo duga zgiiño zadaa zbi soo</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>saː</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲaːʋaːza</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>stuː</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kaː</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>teː</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bo</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡa</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>baː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bo</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>duɡa</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zɡiːɲo</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zadaː</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zbi</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>soː</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Saa ñaawaaza stuu kaa tee bo ga baa bo duga zgiiño zadaa zbi soo.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: