Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Tang, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t ɨ n">tɨn</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f ɨ h">fɨh</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ ɨ d">ɲɨd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ ə f">t͡ʃəf</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="m a b">mab</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b ɨ kʼ">bɨkʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="f a h">fah</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɲ a s">ɲas</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="kʼ ɨ n">kʼɨn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɡ ə s">ɡəs</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a̰ n">ba̰n</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="kʼ ɨ n">kʼɨn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s ə̰ n ə kʼ">sə̰nəkʼ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t ɨ n">tɨn</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f ɨ h">fɨh</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ ɨ d">ɲɨd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ ə f">t͡ʃəf</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="m a b">mab</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b ɨ kʼ">bɨkʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="f a h">fah</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ɲ a s">ɲas</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="kʼ ɨ n">kʼɨn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɡ ə s">ɡəs</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a̰ n">ba̰n</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="kʼ ɨ n">kʼɨn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s ə̰ n ə kʼ">sə̰nəkʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">tɨn</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">fɨh</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ɲɨd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">t͡ʃəf</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">mab</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bɨkʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">fah</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">ɲas</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">kʼɨn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ɡəs</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ba̰n</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">kʼɨn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">sə̰nəkʼ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sam</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tɨn</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fɨh</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲɨd</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəf</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mab</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨkʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fah</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲas</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨn</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡəs</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ba̰n</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨn</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sə̰nəkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>sam tɨn fɨh ɲɨd t͡ʃəf mab bɨkʼ fah ɲas kʼɨn ɡəs ba̰n kʼɨn sə̰nəkʼ</p> + <p>sam tyn fyh ñyd chef mab bygk fah ñas gkyn ges ba’n gkyn se’negk</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sam</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tɨn</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fɨh</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲɨd</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəf</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mab</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨkʼ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fah</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲas</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼɨn</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡəs</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ba̰n</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼɨn</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sə̰nəkʼ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Sam tyn fyh ñyd chef mab bygk fah ñas gkyn ges ba’n gkyn se’negk.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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