Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Gaib, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
-          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

addaffixes:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
+          <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|t͡ʃ|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʃ|i|f|e|ɓ|ḛ|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|b|o|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">|k|au|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ŋ|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|t|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|ai|b|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">|ŋ|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|t|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">|t|ai|ʃ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|s|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ŋ|ɤ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|t|ai|s|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">|t͡ʃ|a|ŋʷ|o̰|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|kʷ|a|d|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |t͡ʃ|u|
#-> t͡ʃu
### |t͡ʃ|u|
#-> t͡ʃu
### |ʃ|i|f|e|ɓ|ḛ|
#-> ʃifeɓḛ
### |ʃ|i|f|e|ɓ|ḛ|
#-> ʃifeɓḛ
### |b|o|
#-> bo
### |b|o|
#-> bo
### |k|au|
#-> kau
### |k|au|
#-> kau
### |ŋ|o|
#-> ŋo
### |ŋ|o|
#-> ŋo
### -|t|ɯ̰|
#-> -tɯ̰
### -|t|ɯ̰|
#-> -tɯ̰
### |ɡ|ai|b|
#-> ɡaib
### |ɡ|ai|b|
#-> ɡaib
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### |ŋ|o|
#-> ŋo
### |ŋ|o|
#-> ŋo
### -|t|ɯ̰|
#-> -tɯ̰
### -|t|ɯ̰|
#-> -tɯ̰
### |t|ai|ʃ|
#-> taiʃ
### |t|ai|ʃ|
#-> taiʃ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### |s|ɯ̰|
#-> sɯ̰
### |s|ɯ̰|
#-> sɯ̰
### |ŋ|ɤ|
#-> ŋɤ
### |ŋ|ɤ|
#-> ŋɤ
### |t|ai|s|
#-> tais
### |t|ai|s|
#-> tais
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### |t͡ʃ|a|ŋʷ|o̰|
#-> t͡ʃaŋʷo̰
### |t͡ʃ|a|ŋʷ|o̰|
#-> t͡ʃaŋʷo̰
### |kʷ|a|d|
#-> kʷad
### |kʷ|a|d|
#-> kʷad
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### |t͡ʃ|u| |ʃ|i|f|e|ɓ|ḛ| |b|o| |k|au| |ŋ|o||t|ɯ̰| |ɡ|ai|b||ḭ| |ŋ|o||t|ɯ̰| |t|ai|ʃ||ḭ| |s|ɯ̰| |ŋ|ɤ| |t|ai|s||ḭ| |t͡ʃ|a|ŋʷ|o̰| |kʷ|a|d||ḭ|
#-> t͡ʃu ʃifeɓḛ bo kau ŋotɯ̰ ɡaibḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰ ŋɤ taisḭ t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ kʷadḭ

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|t͡ʃ|u|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʃ|i|f|e|ɓ|ḛ|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|b|o|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">|k|au|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ŋ|o|</word>
    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|t|ɯ̰|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|ai|b|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">|ŋ|o|</word>
    <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|t|ɯ̰|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">|t|ai|ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|s|ɯ̰|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ŋ|ɤ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|t|ai|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">|t͡ʃ|a|ŋʷ|o̰|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|kʷ|a|d|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|ḭ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃifeɓḛ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-tɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-tɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;taiʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋɤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃaŋʷo̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃu ʃifeɓḛ bo kau ŋotɯ̰ ɡaibḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰ ŋɤ taisḭ t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ kʷadḭ</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃu ʃifeɓḛ bo kau ŋotɯ̰ ɡaibḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰ ŋɤ taisḭ t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ kʷadḭ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃu</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃifeɓḛ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bo</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kau</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋo</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-tɯ̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaib</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ḭ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋo</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-tɯ̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>taiʃ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ḭ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sɯ̰</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋɤ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tais</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ḭ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃaŋʷo̰</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷad</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ḭ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

T͡ʃu ʃifeɓḛ bo kau ŋotɯ̰ ɡaibḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰ ŋɤ taisḭ t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ kʷadḭ.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: