Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Loewa, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel: No change.

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module subordinate: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module markowner: No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
+      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
+    <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
+    <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase: No change.

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/obligatory
calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optional

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
+        <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɡʲ|ɔ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">-|fˠ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|dʲ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">|ʃˠ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|dʲ|y|</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">|h|o|</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|nʲ|œ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">|ʒˠ|ɑː|</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|dʲ|y|</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">|fʲ|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">-|h|ɑ|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|bˠ|ɔ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|kˠ|ɑ|</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|sˠ|ɛː|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|bˠ|ɔ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|kˠ|u|kˠ|øː|lʲ|i|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |ɡʲ|ɔ|
#-> ɡʲɔ
### |ɡʲ|ɔ|
#-> ɡʲɔ
### -|fˠ|i|
#-> -fˠi
### -|fˠ|i|
#-> -fˠi
### |dʲ|i|
#-> dʲi
### |dʲ|i|
#-> dʲi
### |ʃˠ|i|
#-> ʃˠi
### |ʃˠ|i|
#-> ʃˠi
### -|dʲ|y|
#-> -dʲy
### -|dʲ|y|
#-> -dʲy
### |h|o|
#-> ho
### |h|o|
#-> ho
### |nʲ|œ|
#-> nʲœ
### |nʲ|œ|
#-> nʲœ
### |ʒˠ|ɑː|
#-> ʒˠɑː
### |ʒˠ|ɑː|
#-> ʒˠɑː
### -|dʲ|y|
#-> -dʲy
### -|dʲ|y|
#-> -dʲy
### |fʲ|iː|
#-> fʲiː
### |fʲ|iː|
#-> fʲiː
### -|h|ɑ|
#-> -hɑ
### -|h|ɑ|
#-> -hɑ
### |bˠ|ɔ|
#-> bˠɔ
### |bˠ|ɔ|
#-> bˠɔ
### |kˠ|ɑ|
#-> kˠɑ
### |kˠ|ɑ|
#-> kˠɑ
### |sˠ|ɛː|
#-> sˠɛː
### |sˠ|ɛː|
#-> sˠɛː
### |bˠ|ɔ|
#-> bˠɔ
### |bˠ|ɔ|
#-> bˠɔ
### |kˠ|u|kˠ|øː|lʲ|i|
#-> kˠukˠøːlʲi
### |kˠ|u|kˠ|øː|lʲ|i|
#-> kˠukˠøːlʲi
### |ɡʲ|ɔ||fˠ|i| |dʲ|i| |ʃˠ|i||dʲ|y| |h|o| |nʲ|œ| |ʒˠ|ɑː||dʲ|y| |fʲ|iː||h|ɑ| |bˠ|ɔ| |kˠ|ɑ| |sˠ|ɛː| |bˠ|ɔ| |kˠ|u|kˠ|øː|lʲ|i|
#-> ɡʲɔfˠi dʲi ʃˠidʲy ho nʲœ ʒˠɑːdʲy fʲiːhɑ bˠɔ kˠɑ sˠɛː bˠɔ kˠukˠøːlʲi

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɡʲ|ɔ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">-|fˠ|i|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|dʲ|i|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">|ʃˠ|i|</word>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|dʲ|y|</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">|h|o|</word>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|nʲ|œ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">|ʒˠ|ɑː|</word>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|dʲ|y|</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="inanim">|fʲ|iː|</word>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">-|h|ɑ|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|bˠ|ɔ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|kˠ|ɑ|</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|sˠ|ɛː|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|bˠ|ɔ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" role="obj">|kˠ|u|kˠ|øː|lʲ|i|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡʲɔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-fˠi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dʲi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃˠi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-dʲy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nʲœ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʒˠɑː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-dʲy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fʲiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-hɑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bˠɔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kˠɑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sˠɛː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bˠɔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kˠukˠøːlʲi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɡʲɔfˠi dʲi ʃˠidʲy ho nʲœ ʒˠɑːdʲy fʲiːhɑ bˠɔ kˠɑ sˠɛː bˠɔ kˠukˠøːlʲi</p>
+  <p>ɡʲɔfˠi dʲi ʃˠidʲy ho nʲœ ʒˠɑːdʲy fʲiːhɑ bˠɔ kˠɑ sˠɛː bˠɔ kˠukˠøːlʲi</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡʲɔ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-fˠi</o>
+      <g>not.COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dʲi</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃˠi</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-dʲy</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ho</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nʲœ</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʒˠɑː</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-dʲy</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fʲiː</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-hɑ</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bˠɔ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kˠɑ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sˠɛː</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bˠɔ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kˠukˠøːlʲi</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ɡʲɔfˠi dʲi ʃˠidʲy ho nʲœ ʒˠɑːdʲy fʲiːhɑ bˠɔ kˠɑ sˠɛː bˠɔ kˠukˠøːlʲi.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: