Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nyagh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> + <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="ABS"> + <np id="parent" case="ABS" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="ABS" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="ABS"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> </relp> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" case="ABS"> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - </np> - </relp> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="w a p">wap</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b a d a ɳ">badaɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʒ a ɖ">ʒaɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS" ph="ɲ aː ɣ">ɲaːɣ</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="ʒ a ɽ">ʒaɽ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="k a m">kam</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɓ au ɽ">ɓauɽ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="x a ʒ">xaʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after" ph="b a w">baw</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" ph="ʈ au t">ʈaut</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" ph="ɣ a ʈ">ɣaʈ</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="w ai ʐ">waiʐ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="w a p">wap</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b a d a ɳ">badaɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʒ a ɖ">ʒaɖ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS" ph="ɲ aː ɣ">ɲaːɣ</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="ʒ a ɽ">ʒaɽ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="k a m">kam</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɓ au ɽ">ɓauɽ</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="x a ʒ">xaʒ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after" ph="b a w">baw</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" ph="ʈ au t">ʈaut</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" ph="ɣ a ʈ">ɣaʈ</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="w ai ʐ">waiʐ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">wap</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">badaɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʒaɖ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" case="ABS">ɲaːɣ,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">ʒaɽ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">kam</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ɓauɽ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">xaʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after">baw,</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number">ʈaut</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number">ɣaʈ</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">waiʐ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wap</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">badaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒaɖ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaːɣ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒaɽ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kam</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓauɽ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xaʒ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baw</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈaut</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɣaʈ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">waiʐ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span></p> + <p>wap badaɳ ʒaɖ ɲaːɣ, ʒaɽ kam ɓauɽ xaʒ baw, ʈaut ɣaʈ waiʐ</p> + <p>wap badarn zhard ñaağ, zharr kam bbaurr khazh baw, rtaut ğart wairz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wap</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>badaɳ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒaɖ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaːɣ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒaɽ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kam</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓauɽ</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xaʒ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baw</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈaut</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɣaʈ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>waiʐ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Wap badarn zhard ñaağ, zharr kam bbaurr khazh baw, rtaut ğart wairz.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: