Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Maush, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ a t">ɽat</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ i ˈ s">ɗiˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ɽ ai ˈ ʈ">ɽaiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="n ai ˈ n">naiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="m a ˈ ʃ">maˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p a ˈ t͡ʃ">paˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="s e ˈ d">seˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ŋ e ˈ t">ŋeˈt</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ˈ s">fiˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s o ˈ ŋ">soˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ŋ e ˈ t">ŋeˈt</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʈ u ɳ i ˈ n">ʈuɳiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ a t">ɽat</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ i ˈ s">ɗiˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ɽ ai ˈ ʈ">ɽaiˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="n ai ˈ n">naiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="m a ˈ ʃ">maˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p a ˈ t͡ʃ">paˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="s e ˈ d">seˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a ˈ f">baˈf</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ŋ e ˈ t">ŋeˈt</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ˈ s">fiˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s o ˈ ŋ">soˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ŋ e ˈ t">ŋeˈt</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʈ u ɳ i ˈ n">ʈuɳiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽat</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɗiˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">ut</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS">sak</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">ɽaiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">u</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">baˈf</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS">sak</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">naiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">baˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">maˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">baˈf</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">paˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">seˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">baˈf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ŋeˈt</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">fiˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">soˈŋ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ŋeˈt</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʈuɳiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽat</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɗis</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sak</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽaiʈ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbaf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sak</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnain</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbaf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmaʃ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbaf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsed</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbaf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈŋet</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfis</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsoŋ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈŋet</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈuˈɳin</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɽat ˈɗisut sak ˈɽaiʈus ˈbaf sak ˈnainis ˈbaf ˈmaʃis ˈbaf ˈpat͡ʃ ˈsedis ˈbaf ˈŋet ˈfisis ˈsoŋ ˈŋet ʈuˈɳinis</p> + <p>р̇ат д̱исут сак р̇айт̇ус баф сак найнис баф машис баф пач седис баф ӈет фисис соӈ ӈет т̇ун̇инис</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɽat</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɗis</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sak</o> + <g>3.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽaiʈ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbaf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sak</o> + <g>3.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnain</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbaf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmaʃ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbaf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpat͡ʃ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsed</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbaf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈŋet</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfis</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsoŋ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈŋet</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈuˈɳin</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Р̇ат д̱исут сак р̇айт̇ус баф сак найнис баф машис баф пач седис баф ӈет фисис соӈ ӈет т̇ун̇инис.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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