Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Kik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="anim"> + <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> - <np role="owned" gender="anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" gender="anim"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="inanim"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="inanim"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim" role="obj"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="inanim" role="obj"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/obligatory
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOMaddaffixes:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np locus="number" gender="inanim"> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|qʼʷ|əː|b|a|</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|kʷ|a#ː|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim">|b|a#̰|</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim">|f|a|ʋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ʈ|ɨ#|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM">|kʷ|ɨ|kʼʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ʔ|ə|</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|c|au|</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim">|c|au|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |qʼʷ|əː|b|a|
#-> qʼʷəːba
### |qʼʷ|əː|b|a|
#-> qʼʷəːba
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |kʷ|a#ː|
#-> kʷa#ː
### |kʷ|a#ː|
#-> kʷa#ː
### |b|a#̰|
#-> ba#̰
### |b|a#̰|
#-> ba#̰
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |f|a|ʋ|
#-> faʋ
### |f|a|ʋ|
#-> faʋ
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ʈ|ɨ#|
#-> ʈɨ#
### |ʈ|ɨ#|
#-> ʈɨ#
### |kʷ|ɨ|kʼʷ|
#-> kʷɨkʼʷ
### |kʷ|ɨ|kʼʷ|
#-> kʷɨkʼʷ
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ʔ|ə|
#-> ʔə
### |ʔ|ə|
#-> ʔə
### |c|au|
#-> cau
### |c|au|
#-> cau
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |c|au|d|
#-> caud
### |c|au|d|
#-> caud
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |t͡ʃ|ai| |qʼʷ|əː|b|a||k||a| |kʷ|a#ː| |b|a#̰||k||a| |f|a|ʋ||a| |ʈ|ɨ#| |kʷ|ɨ|kʼʷ||a| |ʔ|ə| |c|au||k||a| |c|au|d||a|
#-> t͡ʃai qʼʷəːbaka kʷa#ː ba#̰ka faʋa ʈɨ# kʷɨkʼʷa ʔə cauka caudaremovetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|qʼʷ|əː|b|a|</word> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|kʷ|a#ː|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.inanim">|b|a#̰|</word> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="inanim">|f|a|ʋ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ʈ|ɨ#|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="inanim" case="NOM">|kʷ|ɨ|kʼʷ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ʔ|ə|</word> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|c|au|</word> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="anim">|c|au|d|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼʷəːba</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷãː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bã̰</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faʋ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨ̃</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷɨkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔə</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">cau</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">caud</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃai qʼʷəːbaka kʷãː bã̰ka faʋa ʈɨ̃ kʷɨkʼʷa ʔə cauka cauda</p> + <p>چي ࢌݣبك ࣂࡽ بݩك فو ٹۋ ࣂݨ ا صوك صودة</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃai</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼʷəːba</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷãː</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bã̰</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>faʋ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨ̃</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷɨkʼʷ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔə</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>cau</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>caud</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>چي ࢌݣبك ࣂࡽ بݩك فو ٹۋ ࣂݨ ا صوك صودة۔
But our language arose in a different way.
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