Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Akh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> - </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [number] => sing [possessor] => no.owner [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q [subj] => 3.sing.cl.1 [obj] => none )calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [number] => sing [possessor] => no.owner [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q [subj] => 3.sing.cl.1 [obj] => none )calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="pʰ ɨ ˈ ʄ">pʰɨˈʄ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="kʰʷ ᵊ ɗʷ">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɘː ˈ ɬ">ɘːˈɬ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ au ˈ p">ɠʷauˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ k">aˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ r̥">aiˈr̥</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɜ ˈ kʷ">ɜˈkʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɨ ˈ ʃ">ɨˈʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛ ɜː ˈ qʷ">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="a ˈ ɠ">aˈɠ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʈ ɨː ˈ r̥">ʈɨːˈr̥</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛ ɜː ˈ qʷ">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɘ ˈ ʛ ᵊ x ᵊ ʛʷ">ɘˈʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="pʰ ɨ ˈ ʄ">pʰɨˈʄ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="kʰʷ ᵊ ɗʷ">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɘː ˈ ɬ">ɘːˈɬ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ au ˈ p">ɠʷauˈp</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ k">aˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ r̥">aiˈr̥</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɜ ˈ kʷ">ɜˈkʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS" ph="k ᵊ sʷ">kᵊsʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɨ ˈ ʃ">ɨˈʃ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai ˈ k">aiˈk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛ ɜː ˈ qʷ">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="a ˈ ɠ">aˈɠ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʈ ɨː ˈ r̥">ʈɨːˈr̥</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛ ɜː ˈ qʷ">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɘ ˈ ʛ ᵊ x ᵊ ʛʷ">ɘˈʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">pʰɨˈʄ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">ɘːˈɬ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">h</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">aiˈk</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɠʷauˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">aˈk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">aiˈr̥</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">kʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.1">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">ɜˈkʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">aiˈk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.POSS">kᵊsʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">ɨˈʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">aiˈk</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">aˈɠ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʈɨːˈr̥</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʛɜːˈqʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɘˈʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpʰɨʄ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰʷᵊɗʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɘːɬ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">h-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɠʷaup</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈak</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈair̥</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kᵊsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɜkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kᵊsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɨʃ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaik</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʛɜːqʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɠ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʈɨːr̥</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʛɜːqʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɘʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ˈpʰɨʄ kʰʷᵊɗʷ ˈsɘːɬ ˈhaik ˈɠʷaup ˈsak ˈsair̥ ˈkʰaik kᵊsʷ ˈsɜkʷˈ aik kᵊsʷ ˈsɨʃˈ aik ˈʛɜːqʷ ˈsaɠ ˈʈɨːr̥ ˈʛɜːqʷ ˈsɘʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</p> + <p>pyjj quhddw sëëhl haig ggwaub sag sair̥ kaig gsw sèqu aig gsw sysh aig ʛèèqw sagg rtyyr̥ ʛèèqw sëʛkhʛw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈpʰɨʄ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰʷᵊɗʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɘːɬ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>h-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɠʷaup</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈak</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈair̥</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kᵊsʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɜkʷ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kᵊsʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɨʃ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaik</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʛɜːqʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɠ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʈɨːr̥</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʛɜːqʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɘʛᵊxᵊʛʷ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Pyjj quhddw sëëhl haig ggwaub sag sair̥ kaig gsw sèqu aig gsw sysh aig ʛèèqw sagg rtyyr̥ ʛèèqw sëʛkhʛw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: