Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Do, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="fem"> + <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> + <np id="parent" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="fem"> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> + <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </relp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </relp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </relp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </relp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </relp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </relp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="sˠ æ" slots="Cir V1">sˠæ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="bˠ ə ʂˠ+qˠ ɑː" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ əː" slots="Cis V2">pˠəː</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="sʲ+ʈˠ ə" slots="Cms V2">sʲʈˠə</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="dʲ o" slots="Cir V1">dʲo</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʲ ɑ" slots="Cir V1">kʲɑ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="ʂˠ+tˠ æ" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠtˠæ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="xʲ ɑː" slots="Cir V1">xʲɑː</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="ʐˠ əː" slots="Cis V2">ʐˠəː</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɖˠ i" slots="Cir V1">ɖˠi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐˠ ɨ" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠɨ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐʲ+qˠ ɨ" slots="Cir V1">ʐʲqˠɨ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ʐʲ+ɖʲ ə" slots="Cis V2">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/uː/ + /sʲ+ʈˠ/ > // + /sʲ+ʈˠ/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="sˠ æ" slots="Cir V1">sˠæ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="bˠ ə ʂˠ+qˠ ɑː" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ əː" slots="Cis V2">pˠəː</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="sˠ æ">sˠæ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="bˠ ə ʂˠ+qˠ ɑː">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ əː">pˠəː</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="sʲ+ʈˠ ə" slots="Cms V2">sʲʈˠə</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="dʲ o" slots="Cir V1">dʲo</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʲ+bˠ" underlying="zʲ+bˠ uː">zʲbˠ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="sʲ+ʈˠ ə">sʲʈˠə</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="dʲ o">dʲo</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʲ ɑ" slots="Cir V1">kʲɑ</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʲ ɑ">kʲɑ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="ʂˠ+tˠ æ" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠtˠæ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="ʂˠ+tˠ æ">ʂˠtˠæ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː">zʲbˠuː</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="xʲ ɑː" slots="Cir V1">xʲɑː</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="ʐˠ əː" slots="Cis V2">ʐˠəː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="xʲ ɑː">xʲɑː</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="ʐˠ əː">ʐˠəː</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɖˠ i" slots="Cir V1">ɖˠi</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐˠ ɨ" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠɨ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐʲ+qˠ ɨ" slots="Cir V1">ʐʲqˠɨ</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɖˠ i">ɖˠi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐˠ ɨ">ʐˠɨ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐʲ+qˠ ɨ">ʐʲqˠɨ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ʐʲ+ɖʲ ə" slots="Cis V2">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ʐʲ+ɖʲ ə">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="sˠ æ">sˠæ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="bˠ ə ʂˠ+qˠ ɑː">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ əː">pˠəː</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʲ+bˠ" underlying="zʲ+bˠ uː">zʲbˠ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="sʲ+ʈˠ ə">sʲʈˠə</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="dʲ o">dʲo</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʲ ɑ">kʲɑ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="ʂˠ+tˠ æ">ʂˠtˠæ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" ph="zʲ+bˠ uː">zʲbˠuː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="xʲ ɑː">xʲɑː</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="ʐˠ əː">ʐˠəː</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɖˠ i">ɖˠi</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐˠ ɨ">ʐˠɨ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʐʲ+qˠ ɨ">ʐʲqˠɨ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ʐʲ+ɖʲ ə">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">sˠæ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">pˠəː</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" underlying="zʲ+bˠ uː">zʲbˠ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">sʲʈˠə</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">dʲo,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">kʲɑ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">ʂˠtˠæ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl">zʲbˠuː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl" comma="after">xʲɑː</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">ʐˠəː,</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɖˠi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">ʐˠɨ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">ʐʲqˠɨ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˠæ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pˠəː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʲbˠuː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sʲʈˠə</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʲo</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʲɑ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂˠtˠæ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʲbˠuː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʲɑː</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐˠəː</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖˠi</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐˠɨ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐʲqˠɨ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐʲɖʲə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span></p> + <p>sˠæ bˠəʂˠqˠɑː pˠəː zʲbˠsʲʈˠə dʲo, kʲɑ ʂˠtˠæ zʲbˠuː xʲɑː ʐˠəː, ɖˠi ʐˠɨ ʐʲqˠɨ ʐʲɖʲə</p> + <p>съѣ бъәс̇ъԛъӓː пъәː зьбъсьт̇ъә дё, кьӓ с̇ътъѣ зьбуː хьӓː з̇ъәː, д̇ы з̇ъы з̇ьԛъы з̇ьд̇ьә</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sˠæ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠəʂˠqˠɑː</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pˠəː</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʲbˠuː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sʲʈˠə</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʲo</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʲɑ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂˠtˠæ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʲbˠuː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʲɑː</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐˠəː</o> + <g>1incl.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖˠi</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐˠɨ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐʲqˠɨ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐʲɖʲə</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Съѣ бъәс̇ъԛъӓː пъәː зьбъсьт̇ъә дё, кьӓ с̇ътъѣ зьбуː хьӓː з̇ъәː, д̇ы з̇ъы з̇ьԛъы з̇ьд̇ьә.
But our language arose in a different way.
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