Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chesk, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
-<s> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module subordinate:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j o t͡ʃ">jot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b ɯ n">bɯn</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n u ɗ">nuɗ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" ph="j ɤ ɡ">jɤɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur" ph="s i ʃ">siʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ u s">ɡus</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="m e ɲ">meɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="ŋ i t͡ʃ">ŋit͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s e d">sed</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k u k">kuk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɗ ɯ ɗ">ɗɯɗ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s e d">sed</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ a ɲ ai k">t͡ʃaɲaik</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j o t͡ʃ">jot͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b ɯ n">bɯn</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n u ɗ">nuɗ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" ph="j ɤ ɡ">jɤɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur" ph="s i ʃ">siʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ u s">ɡus</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="m e ɲ">meɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="ŋ i t͡ʃ">ŋit͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s e d">sed</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k u k">kuk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɗ ɯ ɗ">ɗɯɗ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s e d">sed</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ a ɲ ai k">t͡ʃaɲaik</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">jot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">bɯn</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nuɗ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">bait</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">jɤɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur">siʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">u</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɡus</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">bait</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">meɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing">ŋit͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">sed</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">kuk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɗɯɗ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">sed</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">t͡ʃaɲaik</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jot͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɯn</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nuɗ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bait</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɤɡ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siʃ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡus</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bait</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">meɲ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sed</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuk</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗɯɗ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sed</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃaɲaik</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>jot͡ʃ bɯnoɡ nuɗ bait jɤɡoɡ siʃuʃ ɡus bait meɲoɡ ŋit͡ʃiʃ sed kukiʃ ɗɯɗ sed t͡ʃaɲaikiʃ</p> + <p>јоч быноґ нуд̱ байт јӹґоґ сишуш ґус байт мењоґ ӈичиш сед кукиш д̱ыд̱ сед чањайкиш</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jot͡ʃ</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɯn</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nuɗ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bait</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɤɡ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siʃ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡus</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bait</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>meɲ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋit͡ʃ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sed</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuk</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɗɯɗ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sed</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃaɲaik</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Јоч быноґ нуд̱ байт јӹґоґ сишуш ґус байт мењоґ ӈичиш сед кукиш д̱ыд̱ сед чањайкиш.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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