Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Sahqag, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST" ph="kʼʷ ɜ ɹˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="htʲ iː ꜖ ʄʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="htˤ ɘ ꜒꜖ rˠ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kˠ a ̰꜖ nʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">fˠe#ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">bˠɨ#̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɢʷɔːbʱˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+kʰʲ ɨ ꜒꜖ kʼʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="sʲ u ʁʲ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒˠtˤɜ#ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʋˠi#꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="sʲ+hkˠ au ꜒꜖ ɠʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˠ+kʰʲ iː sˤ+qˤ ɛ ꜖꜒ ʂˠ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST" ph="kʼʷ ɜ ɹˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="htʲ iː ꜖ ʄʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="htˤ ɘ ꜒꜖ rˠ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kˠ a ̰꜖ nʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">fˠe#ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e##ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ">fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">bˠɨ#̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɢʷɔːbʱˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ## ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ">bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔ#ː bʱˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ">ɢʷɔ#ːbʱˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+kʰʲ ɨ ꜒꜖ kʼʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="sʲ u ʁʲ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒˠtˤɜ#ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʰʲe#꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ##ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ">ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʋˠi#꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i## ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="sʲ+hkˠ au ꜒꜖ ɠʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˠ+kʰʲ iː sˤ+qˤ ɛ ꜖꜒ ʂˠ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> </flat> </s>applysandhi:
/bʱˤ/ + /ʃʲ+kʰʲ/ > // + /bʱˤ/<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST" ph="kʼʷ ɜ ɹˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST" ph="kʼʷ ɜ ɹˤ">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="htʲ iː ꜖ ʄʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="htʲ iː ꜖ ʄʲ">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="htˤ ɘ ꜒꜖ rˠ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="htˤ ɘ ꜒꜖ rˠ">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kˠ a ̰꜖ nʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kˠ a ̰꜖ nʲ">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e##ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ">fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ## ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ">bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔ#ː bʱˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ">ɢʷɔ#ːbʱˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e##ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" underlying="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ">fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ## ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" underlying="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ">bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔ#ː" underlying="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ">ɢʷɔ#ː</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bʱˤ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">bʱˤe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+kʰʲ ɨ ꜒꜖ kʼʲ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="sʲ u ʁʲ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+kʰʲ ɨ ꜒꜖ kʼʲ">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="sʲ u ʁʲ">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ##ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ">ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ##ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" underlying="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ">ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i## ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="sʲ+hkˠ au ꜒꜖ ɠʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i## ꜒ t͡ʃ" underlying="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="sʲ+hkˠ au ꜒꜖ ɠʷ">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˠ+kʰʲ iː sˤ+qˤ ɛ ꜖꜒ ʂˠ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˠ+kʰʲ iː sˤ+qˤ ɛ ꜖꜒ ʂˠ">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST" ph="kʼʷ ɜ ɹˤ">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="htʲ iː ꜖ ʄʲ">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="htˤ ɘ ꜒꜖ rˠ">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kˠ a ̰꜖ nʲ">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="fˠ e##ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ" underlying="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ">fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" ph="ɥˤ a# ɺˠ">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bˠ ɨ## ̰꜒ k͡xˤ" underlying="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ">bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɢʷ ɔ#ː" underlying="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ">ɢʷɔ#ː</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="bʱˤ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">bʱˤe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+kʰʲ ɨ ꜒꜖ kʼʲ">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="sʲ u ʁʲ">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ##ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ" underlying="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ">ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e## ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʋˠ i## ꜒ t͡ʃ" underlying="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="sʲ+hkˠ au ꜒꜖ ɠʷ">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˠ+kʰʲ iː sˤ+qˤ ɛ ꜖꜒ ʂˠ">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʃʲ+kʼʷ ɨ ꜖꜒ kˤ">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpnegation.voice.ta" function="proclitic" gloss="POS.active.PAST">kʼʷɜɹˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.4" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" underlying="fˠ e#ː ꜒꜖ tʼˤ">fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS">ɥˤa#ɺˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" underlying="bˠ ɨ# ̰꜒ k͡xˤ">bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" underlying="ɢʷ ɔː bʱˤ">ɢʷɔ#ː</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">bʱˤe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">sʲuʁʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ʒˠ+tˤ ɜ#ː ̰꜒ dʱʷ">ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ʃʲ+kʰʲ e# ꜖꜒ r̥ˤ">ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ʋˠ i# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷɜɹˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span>.active.<span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɥˤãɺˠ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kˠa̰꜖nʲ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fˠẽː꜒꜖tʼˤ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɥˤãɺˠ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠɨ̰̃꜒k͡xˤ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢʷɔːbʱˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʲuʁʲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒˠtˤɜ̃ː̰꜒dʱʷ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋˠĩ꜒t͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>kʼʷɜɹˤ htʲiː꜖ʄʲ ɥˤãɺˠ htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ ʃʲkʰʲẽ̃꜖꜒r̥ˤ kˠa̰꜖nʲ fˠẽ̃ː꜒꜖tʼˤ ɥˤãɺˠ bˠɨ̰̃̃꜒k͡xˤ ɢʷɔ̃ːbʱˤẽ̃꜖꜒r̥ˤ sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ ʃʲkʰʲẽ̃꜖꜒r̥ˤ sʲuʁʲ ʒˠtˤɜ̃̃ː̰꜒dʱʷ ʃʲkʰʲẽ̃꜖꜒r̥ˤ ʋˠĩ̃꜒t͡ʃ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</p> + <p>kʼʷɜɹˤ htʲiː꜖ʄʲ ɥˤa#ɺˠ htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ kˠa̰꜖nʲ fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ ɥˤa#ɺˠ bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ ɢʷɔ#ːbʱˤe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ sʲuʁʲ ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kʼʷɜɹˤ</o> + <g>POS.active.PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>htʲiː꜖ʄʲ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɥˤãɺˠ</o> + <g>3.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kˠa̰꜖nʲ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fˠẽː꜒꜖tʼˤ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɥˤãɺˠ</o> + <g>3.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠɨ̰̃꜒k͡xˤ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢʷɔːbʱˤ-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʲuʁʲ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒˠtˤɜ̃ː̰꜒dʱʷ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʰʲẽ꜖꜒r̥ˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋˠĩ꜒t͡ʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Kʼʷɜɹˤ htʲiː꜖ʄʲ ɥˤa#ɺˠ htˤɘ꜒꜖rˠ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ kˠa̰꜖nʲ fˠe##ː꜒꜖tʼˤ ɥˤa#ɺˠ bˠɨ##̰꜒k͡xˤ ɢʷɔ#ːbʱˤe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ sˤkʰʲɨ꜒꜖kʼʲ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ sʲuʁʲ ʒˠtˤɜ##ː̰꜒dʱʷ ʃʲkʰʲe##꜖꜒r̥ˤ ʋˠi##꜒t͡ʃ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ sʲhkˠau꜒꜖ɠʷ zˠkʰʲiːsˤqˤɛ꜖꜒ʂˠ ʃʲkʼʷɨ꜖꜒kˤ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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