Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Naf, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2noun:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s au ˈ kʼʷ">sauˈkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʃ a ɽ a ˈ">ʃaɽaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="m ø ˈ ʐ">møˈʐ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ ə# ˈ tˤ">ʈə#ˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="t͡s o ˈ">t͡soˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="nˤ a ˈ f">nˤaˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="f o ˈ t͡ɕ">foˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="n a ˈ m">naˈm</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ᵏǀ i ˈ ɡʷ">ᵏǀiˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s au ˈ kʼʷ">sauˈkʼʷ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʃ a ɽ a ˈ">ʃaɽaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="m ø ˈ ʐ">møˈʐ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ ə# ˈ tˤ">ʈə#ˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="t͡s o ˈ">t͡soˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="nˤ a ˈ f">nˤaˈf</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="f o ˈ t͡ɕ">foˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="n a ˈ m">naˈm</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ᵏǀ i ˈ ɡʷ">ᵏǀiˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">sauˈkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʃaɽaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">møˈʐ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">ʈə#ˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.1">t͡soˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">nˤaˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">foˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">naˈm</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">ᵏǀiˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsaukʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaˈɽa</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmøʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʈə̃tˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡so</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤaf</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfot͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnam</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀiɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈsaukʼʷ ʃaˈɽanˤ hazˤ ˈmøʐ ˈtˤi ˈʈə̃tˤatˤ ˈt͡sonˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈnˤafatˤ ˈfot͡ɕ ˈtˤi ˈnamatˤ ˈt͡sˤiw ˈᵏǀiɡʷatˤ</p> + <p>saugqu sharraṇ haẓ mörz ṭi rtẽṭaṭ tzoṇ ṭir ṇafaṭ foty ṭi namaṭ tẓiw cigwaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈsaukʼʷ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaˈɽa</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmøʐ</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʈə̃tˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡so</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤaf</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfot͡ɕ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnam</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sˤi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀiɡʷ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Saugqu sharraṇ haẓ mörz ṭi rtẽṭaṭ tzoṇ ṭir ṇafaṭ foty ṭi namaṭ tẓiw cigwaṭ.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: