Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Ghih, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡sʲ ə">t͡sʲə</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="mˠ">mˠ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="qʷ ɨ ɽˠ">qʷɨɽˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ʋʲ ai zˤ">ʋʲaizˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɨ sˤ">ɨsˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʕˠ ɨ ɳˠ">ʕˠɨɳˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ɴˠ au kʷ">ɴˠaukʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="vˠ a nˠ">vˠanˠ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ mʲ">d͡ʒɨmʲ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="vˠ a nˠ">vˠanˠ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ ɨ ʕʲ">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡sˤ ɨ pʲ">t͡sˤɨpʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɢʲ a nˤ">ɢʲanˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ ɨ ʕʲ">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="xʲ ə ɡʲ a ʜˠ">xʲəɡʲaʜˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡sʲ ə">t͡sʲə</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="mˠ">mˠ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="qʷ ɨ ɽˠ">qʷɨɽˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ʋʲ ai zˤ">ʋʲaizˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɨ sˤ">ɨsˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʕˠ ɨ ɳˠ">ʕˠɨɳˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="ɴˠ au kʷ">ɴˠaukʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="vˠ a nˠ">vˠanˠ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ mʲ">d͡ʒɨmʲ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="vˠ a nˠ">vˠanˠ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ ɨ ʕʲ">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡sˤ ɨ pʲ">t͡sˤɨpʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɢʲ a nˤ">ɢʲanˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡˠ ɨ ʕʲ">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="xʲ ə ɡʲ a ʜˠ">xʲəɡʲaʜˠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə fʲ">əfʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡sʲə</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">mˠ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">qʷɨɽˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əfʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">ʋʲaizˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ɨsˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">ʕˠɨɳˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əfʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">ɴˠaukʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əfʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS">vˠanˠ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">d͡ʒɨmʲ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS">vˠanˠ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">t͡sˤɨpʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əfʲ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɢʲanˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɡˠɨʕʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">xʲəɡʲaʜˠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əfʲ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sʲə</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-mˠ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʷɨɽˠ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əfʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋʲaizˤ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨsˤ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʕˠɨɳˠ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əfʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴˠaukʷ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əfʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">vˠanˠ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨmʲ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">vˠanˠ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡˠɨʕʲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤɨpʲ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əfʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢʲanˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡˠɨʕʲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʲəɡʲaʜˠ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əfʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>t͡sʲəmˠ qʷɨɽˠəfʲ ʋʲaizˤɨsˤ ʕˠɨɳˠəfʲ ɴˠaukʷəfʲ vˠanˠ d͡ʒɨmʲ vˠanˠ ɡˠɨʕʲ t͡sˤɨpʲəfʲ ɢʲanˤ ɡˠɨʕʲ xʲəɡʲaʜˠəfʲ</p> + <p>t͡sʲəmˠ qʷɨɽˠəfʲ ʋʲaizˤɨsˤ ʕˠɨɳˠəfʲ ɴˠaukʷəfʲ vˠanˠ d͡ʒɨmʲ vˠanˠ ɡˠɨʕʲ t͡sˤɨpʲəfʲ ɢʲanˤ ɡˠɨʕʲ xʲəɡʲaʜˠəfʲ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡sʲə</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-mˠ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʷɨɽˠ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əfʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋʲaizˤ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨsˤ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʕˠɨɳˠ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əfʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴˠaukʷ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əfʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>vˠanˠ</o> + <g>3.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨmʲ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>vˠanˠ</o> + <g>3.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡˠɨʕʲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤɨpʲ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əfʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢʲanˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡˠɨʕʲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʲəɡʲaʜˠ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əfʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>T͡sʲəmˠ qʷɨɽˠəfʲ ʋʲaizˤɨsˤ ʕˠɨɳˠəfʲ ɴˠaukʷəfʲ vˠanˠ d͡ʒɨmʲ vˠanˠ ɡˠɨʕʲ t͡sˤɨpʲəfʲ ɢʲanˤ ɡˠɨʕʲ xʲəɡʲaʜˠəfʲ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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