Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Rito, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module casemarking:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p aː ɾ eː">paːɾeː</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p i ɾ iː">piɾiː</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="h aː">haː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k i">ki</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="m i">mi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="t o">to</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p iː t a">piːta</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="n a ʔ aː">naʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="h aː">haː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k i">ki</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="n u p a">nupa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t uː h oː">tuːhoː</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʔ e">ʔe</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="p i n i">pini</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem.SUBJ" ph="n a m i">nami</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem" ph="p u">pu</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="p i n i">pini</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n a k u">naku</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t oː">toː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n eː">neː</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n a k u">naku</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="k iː w aː ʔ oː">kiːwaːʔoː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p aː ɾ eː">paːɾeː</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p i ɾ iː">piɾiː</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="h aː">haː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k i">ki</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="m i">mi</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="t o">to</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p iː t a">piːta</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="n a ʔ aː">naʔaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="h aː">haː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k i">ki</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="n u p a">nupa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t uː h oː">tuːhoː</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʔ e">ʔe</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="p i n i">pini</thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem.SUBJ" ph="n a m i">nami</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem" ph="p u">pu</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="p i n i">pini</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n a k u">naku</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t oː">toː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n eː">neː</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n a k u">naku</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="k iː w aː ʔ oː">kiːwaːʔoː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k e">ke</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">paːɾeː</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">piɾiː</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">haː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">ki</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" case="NOM" gender="fem">mi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">to</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">piːta</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="neut" case="LOC">naʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ke</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">haː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">ki</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" case="NOM" gender="fem">nupa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ke</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">tuːhoː</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">ʔe</word> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">pini</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem.SUBJ">nami</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.plur.fem">pu</word> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">pini</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">naku</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">toː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ke</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">neː</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">naku</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">kiːwaːʔoː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ke</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">paːɾeː</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">piɾiː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ki</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mi</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-to</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">piːta</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naʔaː</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ke</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ki</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nupa</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ke</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tuːhoː</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔe</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pini</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nami</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pu</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pini</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naku</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">toː</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ke</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">neː</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naku</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kiːwaːʔoː</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ke</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>paːɾeː piɾiː haːki mito piːta naʔaːke haːki nupake tuːhoː ʔe pini nami pu pini naku toːke neː naku kiːwaːʔoːke</p> + <p>پاري پري حاك مت پيت نااك حاك نپك توحو ا پن نم پ پن نك توك ني نك كيوااوك</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>paːɾeː</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>piɾiː</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ki</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mi</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-to</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>piːta</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naʔaː</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ke</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ki</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nupa</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ke</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tuːhoː</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔe</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pini</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nami</o> + <g>3.plur.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pu</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pini</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naku</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>toː</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ke</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>neː</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naku</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kiːwaːʔoː</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ke</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>پاري پري حاك مت پيت نااك حاك نپك توحو ا پن نم پ پن نك توك ني نك كيوااوك۔
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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