Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Boep, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np role="owned" number="plur"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np def="def" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owner"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + </subs> + </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - </subs> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="owned"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STAaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <np role="owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number"> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="kʰ u ɡ">kʰuɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p e b">peb</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵏǀ o w">ᵏǀow</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀˤ ɑ tˤ">ᵏǀˤɑtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="m iː f">miːf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" ph="d o w">dow</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" ph="k o ɓ">koɓ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ e ɓ">t͡ʃeɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="k o ɓ">koɓ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ ə#ː s">ɲə#ːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s ɑː w">sɑːw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʰˤ y ɡ">ᵏǀʰˤyɡ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ ə#ː s">ɲə#ːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w i s ʉ k">wisʉk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="kʰ u ɡ">kʰuɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p e b">peb</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵏǀ o w">ᵏǀow</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀˤ ɑ tˤ">ᵏǀˤɑtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="m iː f">miːf</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" ph="d o w">dow</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" ph="k o ɓ">koɓ</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ e ɓ">t͡ʃeɓ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="k o ɓ">koɓ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ ə#ː s">ɲə#ːs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s ɑː w">sɑːw</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʰˤ y ɡ">ᵏǀʰˤyɡ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ ə#ː s">ɲə#ːs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w i s ʉ k">wisʉk</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ø m">øm</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">kʰuɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">peb</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ᵏǀow</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number">ᵏǀˤɑtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">øm</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">miːf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned">dow</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">øm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">koɓ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">t͡ʃeɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">koɓ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɲə#ːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">sɑːw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">øm</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀʰˤyɡ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɲə#ːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">wisʉk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">øm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰuɡ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">peb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀow</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤɑtˤ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øm</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miːf</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dow</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øm</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">koɓ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃeɓ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">koɓ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲə̃ːs</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɑːw</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øm</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀʰˤyɡ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲə̃ːs</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wisʉk</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øm</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span></p> + <p>kʰuɡ peb ᵏǀow ᵏǀˤɑtˤøm miːf dowøm koɓ t͡ʃeɓ koɓ ɲə̃ːs sɑːwøm ᵏǀʰˤyɡ ɲə̃ːs wisʉkøm</p> + <p>khug peb cow c̣aṭöm miif dowöm kobb txebb kobb ñẽẽs saawöm cḥyg ñẽẽs wisʉköm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kʰuɡ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>peb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀow</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤɑtˤ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øm</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miːf</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dow</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øm</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>koɓ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃeɓ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>koɓ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲə̃ːs</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sɑːw</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øm</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀʰˤyɡ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲə̃ːs</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wisʉk</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øm</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Khug peb cow c̣aṭöm miif dowöm kobb txebb kobb ñẽẽs saawöm cḥyg ñẽẽs wisʉköm.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: