Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Tingi, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
-      </relp>
+      </subs>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np role="subj">
+        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"/>
        </np>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </subs>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <subs>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </subs>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|x|uː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|l|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɲ|a|j|u|t|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|p|uː|k|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|t|i|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">|l|uː|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">|q|aː|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">|l|iː|</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t|i|m|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner">|h|i|ŋ|u|</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|h|aː|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |x|uː|
#-> xuː
### |x|uː|
#-> xuː
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |ɲ|a|j|u|t|u|
#-> ɲajutu
### |ɲ|a|j|u|t|u|
#-> ɲajutu
### |p|uː|k|i|
#-> puːki
### |p|uː|k|i|
#-> puːki
### |t|i|ŋ|i|
#-> tiŋi
### |t|i|ŋ|i|
#-> tiŋi
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |q|aː|
#-> qaː
### |q|aː|
#-> qaː
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |t|i|m|i|
#-> timi
### |t|i|m|i|
#-> timi
### |h|i|ŋ|u|
#-> hiŋu
### |h|i|ŋ|u|
#-> hiŋu
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |h|aː|
#-> haː
### |h|aː|
#-> haː
### |x|uː| |l|a| |ɲ|a|j|u|t|u| |p|uː|k|i| |t|i|ŋ|i| |l|iː| |l|uː| |q|aː| |l|iː| |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i| |t|i|m|i| |h|i|ŋ|u| |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i| |h|aː|
#-> xuː la ɲajutu puːki tiŋi liː luː qaː liː ʔiːŋi timi hiŋu ʔiːŋi haː

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|x|uː|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|l|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɲ|a|j|u|t|u|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|p|uː|k|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|t|i|ŋ|i|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">|l|uː|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">|q|aː|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">|l|iː|</word>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t|i|m|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" possessor="no.owner">|h|i|ŋ|u|</word>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|h|aː|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;xuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲajutu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;puːki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tiŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;liː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;luː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;liː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔiːŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;timi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hiŋu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔiːŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;haː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>xuː la ɲajutu puːki tiŋi liː luː qaː liː ʔiːŋi timi hiŋu ʔiːŋi haː</p>
+  <p>khuu la ñajutu puuki tingi lii luu qaa lii ’iingi timi hingu ’iingi haa</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>xuː</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>la</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲajutu</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>puːki</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tiŋi</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>liː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>luː</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qaː</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>liː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔiːŋi</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>timi</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hiŋu</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔiːŋi</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>haː</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Khuu la ñajutu puuki tingi lii luu qaa lii ’iingi timi hingu ’iingi haa.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: