Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Tisan, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n &#x25B;">nɛ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n &#x259; f &#x25B; k">nəfɛk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n &#x259; p">nəp</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="s e">se</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="t i s &#x259; n">tisən</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="s i p">sip</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5" ph="h y">hy</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="f &#x259; p">fəp</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="s e">se</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="k e m">kem</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p &#x254; f">pɔf</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="m">m</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x254; h &#x259; k">ɔhək</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="f e h &#x259; p">fehəp</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="m &#x259; s">məs</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n &#x25B;">nɛ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n &#x259; f &#x25B; k">nəfɛk</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n &#x259; p">nəp</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="s e">se</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="t i s &#x259; n">tisən</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="s i p">sip</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5" ph="h y">hy</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="f &#x259; p">fəp</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="s e">se</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="k e m">kem</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p &#x254; f">pɔf</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="m">m</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x254; h &#x259; k">ɔhək</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="f e h &#x259; p">fehəp</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="m &#x259; s">məs</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">nɛ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">nəfɛk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nəp</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">se</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5">n</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">tisən,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">sip</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.5" obj="3.plur.cl.5">hy</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">fəp</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">se</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">kem,</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">pɔf</word>
+    <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">m</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">ɔhək</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">fehəp</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">məs</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nɛ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nəfɛk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nəp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tisən&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fəp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pɔf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɔhək&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fehəp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;məs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>nɛ nəfɛk nəp sen tisən, sip hy fəp sef kem, pɔf mɔhək fehəp məs</p>
+  <p>næ nefæk nep sén tisen, sip hy fep séf kém, pof mohek féhep mes</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>nɛ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nəfɛk</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nəp</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>se</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-n</o>
+      <g>cl.5</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tisən</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sip</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hy</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fəp</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>se</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-f</o>
+      <g>cl.3</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kem</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pɔf</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>cl.1</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɔhək</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fehəp</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>məs</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Næ nefæk nep sén tisen, sip hy fep séf kém, pof mohek féhep mes.

But our language arose in a different way.

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