Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Aushob, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h e ˈ j">heˈj</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p i k">pik</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɡ e ˈ p">ɡeˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="e ˈ n">eˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ɕ">at͡ɕ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f ai ˈ">faiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="i ˈ dˤ">iˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="j o ˈ tˤ">joˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i ˈ sˤ">iˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="f ai ˈ">faiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ a ˈ t͡ɕ">ɲaˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l a ˈ tˤ">laˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="au ˈ t">auˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p a ˈ sˤ">paˈsˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l a ˈ tˤ">laˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="a ʃ a ˈ n a s">aʃaˈnas</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h e ˈ j">heˈj</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p i k">pik</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɡ e ˈ p">ɡeˈp</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="e ˈ n">eˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ɕ">at͡ɕ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f ai ˈ">faiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="i ˈ dˤ">iˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="j o ˈ tˤ">joˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i ˈ sˤ">iˈsˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="f ai ˈ">faiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ a ˈ t͡ɕ">ɲaˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l a ˈ tˤ">laˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="au ˈ t">auˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p a ˈ sˤ">paˈsˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l a ˈ tˤ">laˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="a ʃ a ˈ n a s">aʃaˈnas</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u b">ub</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">heˈj</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">pik</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ɡeˈp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">eˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">at͡ɕ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">faiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">w</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">iˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ub</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">joˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">iˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ub</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">faiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">w</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɲaˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">laˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">auˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ub</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">paˈsˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">laˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">aʃaˈnas</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ub</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhej</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pik</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡep</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈen</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfai</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ub</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjotˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ub</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfai</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈlatˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaut</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ub</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpasˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈlatˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaʃanas</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ub</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>ˈhej pik ˈɡep ˈtˤenat͡ɕ ˈfaiw ˈtˤidˤub ˈjotˤ ˈtˤisˤub ˈfaiw ˈɲat͡ɕ ˈlatˤ ˈtˤautub ˈpasˤ ˈlatˤ tˤaˈʃanasub</p> + <p>heˈj pik ɡeˈp tˤeˈnat͡ɕ faiˈw tˤiˈdˤub joˈtˤ tˤiˈsˤub faiˈw ɲaˈt͡ɕ laˈtˤ tˤauˈtub paˈsˤ laˈtˤ tˤaʃaˈnasub</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈhej</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pik</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡep</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈen</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at͡ɕ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfai</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈidˤ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ub</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjotˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈisˤ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ub</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfai</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲat͡ɕ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈlatˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaut</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ub</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpasˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈlatˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaʃanas</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ub</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Heˈj pik ɡeˈp tˤeˈnat͡ɕ faiˈw tˤiˈdˤub joˈtˤ tˤiˈsˤub faiˈw ɲaˈt͡ɕ laˈtˤ tˤauˈtub paˈsˤ laˈtˤ tˤaʃaˈnasub.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: