Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Anyez, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k a ɓ">kaɓ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n a r">nar</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" ph="e ɲ">eɲ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="b o ɓ">boɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="iː t͡ɕ">iːt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="e z">ez</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="i k">ik</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k">ok</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l aː ɲ">laːɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k o r">kor</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ɓ u kʼʷ e ŋ">iɓukʼʷeŋ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l aː ɲ">laːɲ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k a ɓ">kaɓ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n a r">nar</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" ph="e ɲ">eɲ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="b o ɓ">boɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="iː t͡ɕ">iːt͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="e z">ez</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="i k">ik</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k">ok</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l aː ɲ">laːɲ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k o r">kor</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="kʰ">kʰ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ɓ u kʼʷ e ŋ">iɓukʼʷeŋ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l aː ɲ">laːɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">kaɓ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nar</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">eɲ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">boɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">iːt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ez</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">iw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">ik</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ok</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">laːɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">kor</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">kʰ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">iɓukʼʷeŋ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">laːɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kaɓ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nar</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">eɲ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">boɓ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ez</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ik</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ok</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">laːɲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kor</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iɓukʼʷeŋ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">laːɲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>kaɓ nar kʰeɲ boɓ kʰiːt͡ɕ kʰez tiw tik kʰok laːɲ kor kʰiɓukʼʷeŋ laːɲ</p> + <p>kabb nar kheñ bobb khiity khez tiw tik khok laañ kor khibbugqueng laañ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kaɓ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nar</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>eɲ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>boɓ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iːt͡ɕ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ez</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ik</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ok</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>laːɲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kor</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iɓukʼʷeŋ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>laːɲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Kabb nar kheñ bobb khiity khez tiw tik khok laañ kor khibbugqueng laañ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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