Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Baj, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x255; a &#xA712;&#xA716;">ɕa꜒꜖</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j &#x264; &#xA712; &#x255; au &#xA712;&#xA716; &#x272;">jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x283; i &#xA716;">ʃi꜖</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a &#xA716; t&#x361;&#x255;">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#xA716;&#xA712; d&#x361;&#x292;">ba꜖꜒d͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="d &#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; k">dɤ꜒꜖k</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x291; o &#xA712;&#xA716; w">ʑo꜒꜖w</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="k a &#xA716; t&#x361;&#x255;">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="m &#x26F; &#xA712; r">mɯ꜒r</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="p i &#xA716; b">pi꜖b</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d&#x361;&#x292; a &#xA712; b">d͡ʒa꜒b</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t i &#xA712;&#xA716; l">ti꜒꜖l</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; u &#xA712;&#xA716; &#x283;">ʃu꜒꜖ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; o &#xA712; t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x255; a &#xA712;&#xA716;">ɕa꜒꜖</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j &#x264; &#xA712; &#x255; au &#xA712;&#xA716; &#x272;">jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x283; i &#xA716;">ʃi꜖</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a &#xA716; t&#x361;&#x255;">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#xA716;&#xA712; d&#x361;&#x292;">ba꜖꜒d͡ʒ</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="d &#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; k">dɤ꜒꜖k</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x291; o &#xA712;&#xA716; w">ʑo꜒꜖w</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="k a &#xA716; t&#x361;&#x255;">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="m &#x26F; &#xA712; r">mɯ꜒r</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="p i &#xA716; b">pi꜖b</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d&#x361;&#x292; a &#xA712; b">d͡ʒa꜒b</word>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t i &#xA712;&#xA716; l">ti꜒꜖l</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; u &#xA712;&#xA716; &#x283;">ʃu꜒꜖ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="&#x264; &#xA712;&#xA716; t">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; o &#xA712; t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɕa꜒꜖</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʃi꜖</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ba꜖꜒d͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">ɤ꜒꜖t,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">dɤ꜒꜖k</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">ʑo꜒꜖w</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">ka꜖t͡ɕ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">mɯ꜒r</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">pi꜖b,</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">d͡ʒa꜒b</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ti꜒꜖l</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ʃu꜒꜖ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">ɤ꜒꜖t</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɕa꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃi꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka꜖t͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ba꜖꜒d͡ʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɤ꜒꜖t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɤ꜒꜖k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʑo꜒꜖w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka꜖t͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mɯ꜒r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɤ꜒꜖t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pi꜖b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;d͡ʒa꜒b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ti꜒꜖l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃu꜒꜖ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɤ꜒꜖t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɕa꜒꜖ jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ ʃi꜖ ka꜖t͡ɕ ba꜖꜒d͡ʒɤ꜒꜖t, dɤ꜒꜖k ʑo꜒꜖w ka꜖t͡ɕ mɯ꜒rɤ꜒꜖t pi꜖b, d͡ʒa꜒b ti꜒꜖l ʃu꜒꜖ʃɤ꜒꜖t t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ</p>
+  <p>ɕà yơ̄ɕaùñ shi̠ ka̠ty bájờt, dờk ʑòw ka̠ty mư̄rrờt pi̠b, jāb tìl shùshờt tyōch</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɕa꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jɤ꜒ɕau꜒꜖ɲ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃi꜖</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka꜖t͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ba꜖꜒d͡ʒ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɤ꜒꜖t</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɤ꜒꜖k</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʑo꜒꜖w</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka꜖t͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mɯ꜒r</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɤ꜒꜖t</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pi꜖b</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>d͡ʒa꜒b</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ti꜒꜖l</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃu꜒꜖ʃ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɤ꜒꜖t</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕo꜒t͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

ɕà yơ̄ɕaùñ shi̠ ka̠ty bájờt, dờk ʑòw ka̠ty mư̄rrờt pi̠b, jāb tìl shùshờt tyōch.

But our language arose in a different way.

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