Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Emik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module addgender:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
-        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
-        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-      </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/number/optional
Got sing

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="neut">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; a j">ŋʷaj</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f u &#x27E; ai &#x261;&#x2B7;">fuɾaiɡʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h e &#x294;">heʔ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t&#x2E4; e m">tˤem</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; au t&#x361;&#x283;">ŋʷaut͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="e m i k&#x2B7;">emikʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="e j">ej</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k u n&#x2E4;">kunˤ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="j o k">jok</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="e &#x272;">eɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="o t&#x361;s a &#x27E;">ot͡saɾ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="k&#x2B7; a m">kʷam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="au f i &#x261;">aufiɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; a j">ŋʷaj</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f u &#x27E; ai &#x261;&#x2B7;">fuɾaiɡʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h e &#x294;">heʔ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t&#x2E4; e m">tˤem</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; au t&#x361;&#x283;">ŋʷaut͡ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="e m i k&#x2B7;">emikʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="e j">ej</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k u n&#x2E4;">kunˤ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="j o k">jok</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="e &#x272;">eɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="o t&#x361;s a &#x27E;">ot͡saɾ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="k&#x2B7; a m">kʷam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="au f i &#x261;">aufiɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ŋʷaj</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">fuɾaiɡʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">heʔ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">tˤem</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">ŋʷaut͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">emikʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">ej</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">kunˤ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">jok</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">eɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="3.sing.masc">ot͡saɾ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">kʷam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">aufiɡ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷaj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fuɾaiɡʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;heʔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tˤem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷaut͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;emikʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kunˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;eɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ot͡saɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;aufiɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ŋʷaj fuɾaiɡʷ heʔ tˤem ŋʷaut͡ʃ semikʷ sej kunˤ jok seɲ sot͡saɾ kʷam saufiɡ</p>
+  <p>ڭوي فريگو حا طم ڭووچ سمࣂ سي كنٓ يك سڃ سڅر ࣂم سوفگ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷaj</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fuɾaiɡʷ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>heʔ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tˤem</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷaut͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>emikʷ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ej</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kunˤ</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jok</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>eɲ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ot͡saɾ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷam</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>aufiɡ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

ڭوي فريگو حا طم ڭووچ سمࣂ سي كنٓ يك سڃ سڅر ࣂم سوفگ۔

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: