Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Pej, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module RelN:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module nominalise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t e&#x2D0; &#x2C8; t&#x361;&#x255;">teːˈt͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t u k">tuk</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261; a &#x2C8;">ɡaˈ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; m">ɲuːˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a f">af</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261; a &#x2C8; &#x28B;">ɡaˈʋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="b o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; t&#x361;&#x283;">boːˈt͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x261; i &#x283;">ɡiʃ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x27D; i &#x2C8; n">ɽiˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s e &#x2C8; &#x272;">seˈɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="b a &#x2C8; m">baˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n e &#x2C8; d">neˈd</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x288; u &#x282; u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">ʈuʂuːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="b a &#x2C8; m">baˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t e&#x2D0; &#x2C8; t&#x361;&#x255;">teːˈt͡ɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t u k">tuk</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261; a &#x2C8;">ɡaˈ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; m">ɲuːˈm</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a f">af</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261; a &#x2C8; &#x28B;">ɡaˈʋ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="b o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; t&#x361;&#x283;">boːˈt͡ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x261; i &#x283;">ɡiʃ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x27D; i &#x2C8; n">ɽiˈn</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s e &#x2C8; &#x272;">seˈɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="b a &#x2C8; m">baˈm</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n e &#x2C8; d">neˈd</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x288; u &#x282; u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">ʈuʂuːˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="b a &#x2C8; m">baˈm</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">teːˈt͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">tuk</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">ɡaˈ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">ɲuːˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">af</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">ɡaˈʋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">boːˈt͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ip</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">ɡiʃ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɽiˈn</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">seˈɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ip</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">baˈm</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">neˈd</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʈuʂuːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ip</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">baˈm</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈteːt͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲuːm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-af&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡaʋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈboːt͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡiʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɽin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈseɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈned&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʈuˈʂuːj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈteːt͡ɕ tuk ˈɡa ˈɲuːmaf ˈɡaʋ ˈboːt͡ʃip ɡiʃ ˈɽin ˈseɲip ˈbam ˈned ʈuˈʂuːjip ˈbam</p>
+  <p>teety tuk ga ñuumaf gaw boochip gish rrin señip bam ned rtursuujip bam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈteːt͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tuk</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡa</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲuːm</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-af</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡaʋ</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈboːt͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ip</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡiʃ</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɽin</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈseɲ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ip</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbam</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈned</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʈuˈʂuːj</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ip</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbam</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Teety tuk ga ñuumaf gaw boochip gish rrin señip bam ned rtursuujip bam.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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