Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Vich, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> + </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </np> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Qaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b ai ɾ">baiɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e ʃ i ɖ o">eʃiɖo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="e ʔ o">eʔo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="s u n">sun</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="m i ʔ">miʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM" ph="ʋ i t͡ɕ">ʋit͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t͡s">t͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="o kʷ e">okʷe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" ph="ʔ e kʷ">ʔekʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɳ o m">ɳom</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b ai ɾ">baiɾ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e ʃ i ɖ o">eʃiɖo</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="e ʔ o">eʔo</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="s u n">sun</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="m i ʔ">miʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM" ph="ʋ i t͡ɕ">ʋit͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t͡s">t͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="o kʷ e">okʷe</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" ph="ʔ e kʷ">ʔekʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɳ o m">ɳom</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">baiɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">eʃiɖo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">eʔo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">sun</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">miʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM">ʋit͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" case="NOM">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">t͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">okʷe</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem">ʔekʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɳom</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baiɾ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">eʃiɖo</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-h</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">eʔo</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sun</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miʔ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷ</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋoʔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋit͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡s</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">okʷe</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋoʔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔekʷ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳom</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span></p> + <p>baiɾ seʃiɖohut͡s seʔoʋut͡s sun miʔɑŋʷ xʷokʷ ʋoʔ ʋit͡ɕɑŋʷ xʷot͡s sokʷeʋut͡s ʋoʔ ʔekʷɑŋʷ ɳom</p> + <p>bair seshirdohutz seqowutz sun miqangw khwoqu woq wityangw khwotz soquewutz woq qequangw rnom</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>baiɾ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>eʃiɖo</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-h</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>eʔo</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sun</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miʔ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷ</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋoʔ</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋit͡ɕ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡s</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>okʷe</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋoʔ</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔekʷ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɳom</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Bair seshirdohutz seqowutz sun miqangw khwoqu woq wityangw khwotz soquewutz woq qequangw rnom.
But our language arose in a different way.
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