Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Feh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
-      </relp>
+      </subs>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </subs>
      </np>
+    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np type="owner_owned">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        </np>
+        <np role="owner" number="sing">
          <subs>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            </vp>
-        <np role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
          </subs>
+        </np>
+      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
-          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-          </vp>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
+          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing">
+      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
-              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <np type="owner_owned">
-          <np role="owned" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
-          <np role="owner" number="sing">
+          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+          <np role="obj" number="plur">
+            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber: No change.

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
+      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj" number="plur">
+          <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-              </np>
-              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem">
+          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
-          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc">
+          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+          <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
-          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+                <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
              </np>
            </np>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
+            <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+            <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+            <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+                <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
+  <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
-          <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-          </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
                <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-        </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-        </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/obligatory
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+            <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-  </np>
-  <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-    <subs>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-    </subs>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-        <subs>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          </vp>
-        </subs>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|tʰ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|a|s|o|ɡ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|ŋ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">|f|e|h|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">|m|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">|d|o|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|f|i|ʔ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|m|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|t͡s|u|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">|e|n|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|t͡ʃ|e|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">|ŋ|o|t͡ʃ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">|d|o|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|o|m|e|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">|kʰ|a|tʰ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |tʰ|i|
#-> tʰi
### |tʰ|i|
#-> tʰi
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |a|s|o|ɡ|a|
#-> asoɡa
### |a|s|o|ɡ|a|
#-> asoɡa
### |ŋ|i|
#-> ŋi
### |ŋ|i|
#-> ŋi
### |f|e|h|
#-> feh
### |f|e|h|
#-> feh
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### |m|u|
#-> mu
### |m|u|
#-> mu
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### |d|o|
#-> do
### |d|o|
#-> do
### |f|i|ʔ|
#-> fiʔ
### |f|i|ʔ|
#-> fiʔ
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### |m|u|
#-> mu
### |m|u|
#-> mu
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### |t͡s|u|
#-> t͡su
### |t͡s|u|
#-> t͡su
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |e|n|a|
#-> ena
### |e|n|a|
#-> ena
### |t͡ʃ|e|
#-> t͡ʃe
### |t͡ʃ|e|
#-> t͡ʃe
### |ŋ|o|t͡ʃ|
#-> ŋot͡ʃ
### |ŋ|o|t͡ʃ|
#-> ŋot͡ʃ
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### |d|o|
#-> do
### |d|o|
#-> do
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |b|-
#-> b-
### |o|m|e|
#-> ome
### |o|m|e|
#-> ome
### |ɡ|o|
#-> ɡo
### |ɡ|o|
#-> ɡo
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### -|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> -t͡ʃe
### |kʰ|a|tʰ|
#-> kʰatʰ
### |kʰ|a|tʰ|
#-> kʰatʰ
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### |tʰ|i| |b||a|s|o|ɡ|a| |ŋ|i| |f|e|h||e| |m|u||t͡ʃ|e| |d|o| |f|i|ʔ||e| |m|u||t͡ʃ|e| |t͡s|u| |b||e|n|a| |t͡ʃ|e| |ŋ|o|t͡ʃ||e| |d|o| |b||o|m|e| |ɡ|o||t͡ʃ|e| |kʰ|a|tʰ||e|
#-> tʰi basoɡa ŋi fehe mut͡ʃe do fiʔe mut͡ʃe t͡su bena t͡ʃe ŋot͡ʃe do bome ɡot͡ʃe kʰatʰe

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|tʰ|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|a|s|o|ɡ|a|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|ŋ|i|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">|f|e|h|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.masc" case="NOM">|m|u|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">|d|o|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|f|i|ʔ|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|m|u|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|t͡s|u|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">|e|n|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|t͡ʃ|e|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">|ŋ|o|t͡ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">|d|o|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">|b|-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|o|m|e|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|o|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|t͡ʃ|e|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">|kʰ|a|tʰ|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tʰi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;asoɡa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;feh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t͡ʃe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiʔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t͡ʃe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡su&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋot͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;b-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t͡ʃe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʰatʰ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>tʰi basoɡa ŋi fehe mut͡ʃe do fiʔe mut͡ʃe t͡su bena t͡ʃe ŋot͡ʃe do bome ɡot͡ʃe kʰatʰe</p>
+  <p>თი ბასოგა ნგი ჶეჰე მუჩე დო ჶიჸე მუჩე ცუ ბენა ჩე ნგოჩე დო ბომე გოჩე ქათე</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>tʰi</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>asoɡa</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋi</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>feh</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-e</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mu</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t͡ʃe</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>do</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiʔ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-e</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mu</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t͡ʃe</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡su</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ena</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃe</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋot͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-e</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>do</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>b-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ome</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡo</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t͡ʃe</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʰatʰ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-e</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Თი ბასოგა ნგი ჶეჰე მუჩე დო ჶიჸე მუჩე ცუ ბენა ჩე ნგოჩე დო ბომე გოჩე ქათე.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: