Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Ikan, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> </vp> </subs> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - </subs> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="p u ˈ k">puˈk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m a n a ˈ ɡ">manaˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ᵑǀ a k">ᵑǀak</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="i ˈ k a n">iˈkan</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="a̰ ˈ ɡ">a̰ˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="f a̰ ˈ s">fa̰ˈs</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="ᵑǀ a">ᵑǀa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="i ˈ sˤ">iˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="a̰ ˈ ɡ">a̰ˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="tˤ i ɓ">tˤiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ k i tˤ">aˈkitˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" ph="dˤ a ˈ w">dˤaˈw</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="ᵑǀ a">ᵑǀa</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="a̰ ˈ tˤ">a̰ˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ᵏǀ au ˈ n">ᵏǀauˈn</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="p u ˈ k">puˈk</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m a n a ˈ ɡ">manaˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ᵑǀ a k">ᵑǀak</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="i ˈ k a n">iˈkan</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="a̰ ˈ ɡ">a̰ˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="f a̰ ˈ s">fa̰ˈs</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="ᵑǀ a">ᵑǀa</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="i ˈ sˤ">iˈsˤ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="a̰ ˈ ɡ">a̰ˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="tˤ i ɓ">tˤiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ˈ k i tˤ">aˈkitˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" ph="dˤ a ˈ w">dˤaˈw</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="ᵑǀ a">ᵑǀa</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="a̰ ˈ tˤ">a̰ˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ᵏǀ au ˈ n">ᵏǀauˈn</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">puˈk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">manaˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ᵑǀak</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">iˈkan</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ɓ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">a̰ˈɡ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">fa̰ˈs</word> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">ᵑǀa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">iˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ɓ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">a̰ˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">tˤiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">aˈkitˤ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing">dˤaˈw</word> + <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">ᵑǀa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">a̰ˈtˤ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ᵏǀauˈn</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpuk</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maˈnaɡ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀak</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈikan</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈa̰ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfa̰s</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈa̰ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈakitˤ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdˤaw</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈa̰tˤ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀaun</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ˈpuk maˈnaɡ ᵑǀak ˈdikan ˈɓa̰ɡ ˈfa̰s ᵑǀa ˈdisˤ ˈɓa̰ɡ tˤiɓ ˈdakitˤ ˈdˤaw ᵑǀa ˈda̰tˤ ˈᵏǀaun</p> + <p>puk manag ncak dikan bba’g fa’s nca diṣ bba’g ṭibb dakiṭ ḍaw nca da’ṭ caun</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈpuk</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maˈnaɡ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀak</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈikan</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈa̰ɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfa̰s</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀa</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈisˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈa̰ɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤiɓ</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈakitˤ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdˤaw</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀa</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈa̰tˤ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀaun</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Puk manag ncak dikan bba’g fa’s nca diṣ bba’g ṭibb dakiṭ ḍaw nca da’ṭ caun.
But our language arose in a different way.
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