Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chash, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.defaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɖ u ɲ">ɖuɲ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h i ʈ">hiʈ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m e ŋ">meŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e ɖ">eɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="u d">ud</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡʷ o t͡ʃ">ɡʷot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s ai ʃ">saiʃ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e ɖ">eɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="i ʈ">iʈ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ e f">ɲef</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="n a ʃ">naʃ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i kʷ">ikʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ u d">ʃud</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ e f">ɲef</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ a n i ɲ">ɲaniɲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i kʷ">ikʷ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɖ u ɲ">ɖuɲ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h i ʈ">hiʈ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="m e ŋ">meŋ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e ɖ">eɖ</thingy> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="u d">ud</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡʷ o t͡ʃ">ɡʷot͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s ai ʃ">saiʃ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e ɖ">eɖ</thingy> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="i ʈ">iʈ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ e f">ɲef</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="n a ʃ">naʃ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i kʷ">ikʷ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ u d">ʃud</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ e f">ɲef</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" ph="ɲ a n i ɲ">ɲaniɲ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i kʷ">ikʷ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɖuɲ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hiʈ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">meŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">eɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">f</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ud</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɡʷot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">saiʃ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">eɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">f</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">iʈ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">ɲef</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">naʃ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">ikʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʃud</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">ɲef</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">ɲaniɲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">ikʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖuɲ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiʈ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">meŋ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-eɖ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ud</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷot͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-eɖ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iʈ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲef</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ikʷ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃud</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲef</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaniɲ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ikʷ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span></p> + <p>ɖuɲ hiʈ meŋeɖ fud ɡʷot͡ʃ saiʃeɖ fiʈ ɲef naʃikʷ ʃud ɲef ɲaniɲikʷ</p> + <p>rduñ hirt mengerd fud gwoch saisherd firt ñef nashiqu shud ñef ñaniñiqu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɖuɲ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiʈ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>meŋ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-eɖ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ud</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷot͡ʃ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saiʃ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-eɖ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iʈ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲef</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ikʷ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃud</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲef</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaniɲ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ikʷ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Rduñ hirt mengerd fud gwoch saisherd firt ñef nashiqu shud ñef ñaniñiqu.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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