Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Ver, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2noun:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [possessor] => no.owner [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q [comp] => not.COMP )addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/obligatory
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j a t͡ʃ ɤ ɡ">jat͡ʃɤɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1" ph="dˤ i ʃ">dˤiʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="e">e</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="u f">uf</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl" ph="ʃ ai ʃ">ʃaiʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl" ph="d a">da</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="t i ɲ">tiɲ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʋ e ɾ">ʋeɾ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="d a">da</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n o sˤ">nosˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ e dˤ">ɲedˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="d a">da</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3" ph="ʋ ɤ ʋ">ʋɤʋ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3" ph="sˤ a">sˤa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS" ph="k a sˤ">kasˤ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j a t͡ʃ ɤ ɡ">jat͡ʃɤɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="o sˤ">osˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1" ph="dˤ i ʃ">dˤiʃ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="e">e</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="u f">uf</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl" ph="ʃ ai ʃ">ʃaiʃ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl" ph="d a">da</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="t i ɲ">tiɲ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʋ e ɾ">ʋeɾ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="d a">da</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n o sˤ">nosˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ e dˤ">ɲedˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="d a">da</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3" ph="ʋ ɤ ʋ">ʋɤʋ</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3" ph="sˤ a">sˤa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS" ph="k a sˤ">kasˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">kaus</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">jat͡ʃɤɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">tˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">osˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.cl.3" subj="3.cl.1">dˤiʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">e</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">tˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">uf</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl">ʃaiʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl">da</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">tiɲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">ʋeɾ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">da</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">p</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">nosˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">ɲedˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">da</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3">ʋɤʋ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.3">sˤa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">kasˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kaus</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jat͡ʃɤɡ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-tˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-osˤ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-e</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-tˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uf</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">da</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋeɾ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">da</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nosˤ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲedˤ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">da</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋɤʋ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤa</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kasˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span></p> + <p>kaus jat͡ʃɤɡitˤosˤ dˤiʃetˤuf ʃaiʃ dasˤ tiɲ ʋeɾ dap nosˤ ɲedˤ da ʋɤʋ sˤasˤ kasˤ</p> + <p>каўс јачӹґитъосъ дъишетъуф шайш дасъ тињ вер дап носъ њедъ да вӹв съасъ касъ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kaus</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jat͡ʃɤɡ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-tˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-osˤ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤiʃ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-e</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-tˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uf</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaiʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>da</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤ</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiɲ</o> + <g>1incl.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋeɾ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>da</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nosˤ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲedˤ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>da</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋɤʋ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤa</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤ</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kasˤ</o> + <g>3.cl.3.POSS</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Каўс јачӹґитъосъ дъишетъуф шайш дасъ тињ вер дап носъ њедъ да вӹв съасъ касъ.
But our language arose in a different way.
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