Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Unang, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s>
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
-                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
+                <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+                <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/>
-        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-              </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/>
-              </np>
-            </relp>
-          </np>
-        </pp>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="h a s">has</word>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i">hi</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="d o t&#x361;s&#x2E4;">dot͡sˤ</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; o">ᵏǀo</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur" ph="a t&#x361;&#x283;">at͡ʃ</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0;&#x2E4; a&#x2D0; t&#x2E4;">ᵏǀˤaːtˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="m e">me</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="i b">ib</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E4; a d&#x2E4;">dˤadˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="u t&#x361;s">ut͡s</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w a &#x261;">waɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E4; a d&#x2E4;">dˤadˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i k a &#x261; e s&#x2E4;">ikaɡesˤ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="h a s">has</word>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i">hi</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="d o t&#x361;s&#x2E4;">dot͡sˤ</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; o">ᵏǀo</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur" ph="a t&#x361;&#x283;">at͡ʃ</word>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0;&#x2E4; a&#x2D0; t&#x2E4;">ᵏǀˤaːtˤ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="m e">me</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="i b">ib</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E4; a d&#x2E4;">dˤadˤ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="u t&#x361;s">ut͡s</word>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w a &#x261;">waɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E4; a d&#x2E4;">dˤadˤ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i k a &#x261; e s&#x2E4;">ikaɡesˤ</word>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">has</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">hi</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">l</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">dot͡sˤ</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">ᵏǀo</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">p</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj" number="plur">at͡ʃ</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ᵏǀˤaːtˤ</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">me</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">p</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj" number="sing">ib</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">dˤadˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ut͡s</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">waɡ</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">dˤadˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ikaɡesˤ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;has&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dot͡sˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;at͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀˤaːtˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dˤadˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ut͡s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;waɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dˤadˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ikaɡesˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>has hil dot͡sˤ ᵏǀop ŋʷat͡ʃ ᵏǀˤaːtˤ mep ŋʷib dˤadˤ ŋʷut͡s waɡ dˤadˤ ŋʷikaɡesˤ</p>
+  <p>हस् हिल् दोत्स़् क्तोप् ङ्वच् क्त़ात़् मेप् ङ्विब् द़द़् ङ्वुत्स् वग् द़द़् ङ्विकगेस़्</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>has</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hi</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-l</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dot͡sˤ</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀo</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-p</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>at͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀˤaːtˤ</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>me</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-p</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ib</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dˤadˤ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ut͡s</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>waɡ</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dˤadˤ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ikaɡesˤ</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

हस् हिल् दोत्स़् क्तोप् ङ्वच् क्त़ात़् मेप् ङ्विब् द़द़् ङ्वुत्स् वग् द़द़् ङ्विकगेस़् ॥

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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