Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Tet, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module RelN:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="neut">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="neut">
+  <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">boːˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ŋauˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x272; e &#x2C8; s">ɲeˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h o &#x2C8;">hoˈ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="k u &#x2C8; &#x283;">kuˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="&#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x253;">ɾiˈɓ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; j">ʃuˈj</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f i &#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x28B;">fiɾiˈʋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">boːˈ</word>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ŋauˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="o p" underlying="e p">op</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x272; e &#x2C8; s">ɲeˈs</word>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h o &#x2C8;">hoˈ</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="k u &#x2C8; &#x283;">kuˈʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="&#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x253;">ɾiˈɓ</word>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; j">ʃuˈj</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f i &#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x28B;">fiɾiˈʋ</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">boːˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ŋauˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="o p" underlying="e p">op</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x272; e &#x2C8; s">ɲeˈs</word>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h o &#x2C8;">hoˈ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="k u &#x2C8; &#x283;">kuˈʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="&#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x253;">ɾiˈɓ</word>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; j">ʃuˈj</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f i &#x27E; i &#x2C8; &#x28B;">fiɾiˈʋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="s u &#x2C8; k">suˈk</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">boːˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ŋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ᵏǀib</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ŋauˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" underlying="e p">op</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ɲeˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ik</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">k</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">hoˈ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">kuˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">ɾiˈɓ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ik</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">t</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">doːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">suˈk</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʃuˈj</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">fiɾiˈʋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">suˈk</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈboː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈŋauŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkuʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɾiɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈdoːj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈsuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃuj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiˈɾiʋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈsuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈboːŋ ᵏǀib ˈŋauŋop ˈɲesik ˈnik ˈho ˈkuʃuf ˈɾiɓik ˈnit ˈdoːjuf ˈsuk ˈʃuj fiˈɾiʋif ˈsuk</p>
+  <p>بوڭ قۡب ڭوڭپ ڃسك نك ح كشف رݐك نت دويف سك شي فروف سك</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈboː</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ŋ</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀib</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈŋauŋ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ep</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲes</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ik</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈni</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈho</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkuʃ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɾiɓ</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ik</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈni</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈdoːj</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈsuk</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃuj</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiˈɾiʋ</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈsuk</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

بوڭ قۡب ڭوڭپ ڃسك نك ح كشف رݐك نت دويف سك شي فروف سك۔

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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