Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Elil, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
+      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
-      <np def="def" role="owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
  <subs>
-      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem">
-      <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" role="owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" role="owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" role="owner">
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" role="owner">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d a&#x2D0; l">daːl</word>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b a l o f">balof</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d a t">dat</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="i&#x2D0; h">iːh</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="&#x28B; e">ʋe</word>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x261; u s">ɡus</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="e l i l">elil</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; e n">ɲen</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def" attach="prefix" ph="m">m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="o&#x2D0; l i b">oːlib</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i b">ib</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="a m i t&#x361;&#x283;">amit͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d a&#x2D0; l">daːl</word>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b a l o f">balof</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d a t">dat</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="i&#x2D0; h">iːh</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="&#x28B; e">ʋe</word>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x261; u s">ɡus</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="e l i l">elil</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; e n">ɲen</word>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def" attach="prefix" ph="m">m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="o&#x2D0; l i b">oːlib</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i b">ib</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="o&#x2D0; l u b" underlying="o&#x2D0; l i b">oːlub</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="u b" underlying="i b">ub</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="a m i t&#x361;&#x283;">amit͡ʃ</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d a&#x2D0; l">daːl</word>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b a l o f">balof</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d a t">dat</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="i&#x2D0; h">iːh</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="&#x28B; e">ʋe</word>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x261; u s">ɡus</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="e l i l">elil</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; e n">ɲen</word>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def" attach="prefix" ph="m">m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="o&#x2D0; l u b" underlying="o&#x2D0; l i b">oːlub</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="u b" underlying="i b">ub</thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="a m i t&#x361;&#x283;">amit͡ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i j">ij</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">daːl</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">balof</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">dat</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">iːh</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ij</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">ʋe</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">ɡus</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">elil</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ij</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɲen</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def">m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" underlying="o&#x2D0; l i b">oːlub</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" underlying="i b">ub</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">amit͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ij</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daːl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;balof&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;iːh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ij&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;elil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ij&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;oːlib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;s-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;amit͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ij&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daːl balof dat siːhij ʋe ɡus selilij ɲen moːlubub samit͡ʃij</p>
+  <p>daal balof dat siihij we gus selilij ñen moolubub samichij</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daːl</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>balof</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dat</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>iːh</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ij</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋe</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡus</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>elil</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ij</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲen</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>not.def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>oːlib</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ib</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>s-</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>amit͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ij</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Daal balof dat siihij we gus selilij ñen moolubub samichij.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: