Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gef, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="plur"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8" number="plur"> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8" number="plur"> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.8"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.8"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.8" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABSaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="w o l">wol</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i">si</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number" ph="m i x">mix</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" ph="t e v">tev</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ʒ o ɣ">ʒoɣ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="z u z">zuz</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ɛ">nɛ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɲ e n">ɲen</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x ɛ ʃ">xɛʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i#">ni#</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="l i">li</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʒ u s o k">ʒusok</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i#">ni#</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="w o l">wol</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i">si</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number" ph="m i x">mix</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" ph="t e v">tev</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ʒ o ɣ">ʒoɣ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="z u z">zuz</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ɛ">nɛ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɲ e n">ɲen</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x ɛ ʃ">xɛʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i#">ni#</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="l i">li</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʒ u s o k">ʒusok</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i#">ni#</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">wol</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">si</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.8" possessor="3.cl.6" def="def" locus="number">mix</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6">tev</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ʒoɣ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">zuz</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nɛ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ɲen</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">xɛʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ni#</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">li</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʒusok</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ni#</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wol</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">si</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mix</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tev</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒoɣ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zuz</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ã</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɛ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲen</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xɛʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ã</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nĩ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">li</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒusok</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ã</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nĩ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>woly si mixɔte tevɔte ʒoɣy zuzãte nɛ ɲeny xɛʃãte nĩ li ʒusokãte nĩ</p> + <p>wóly si mikhote tevote zhóğy zuzante næ ñeny khæshante nin li zhusókante nin</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wol</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>si</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mix</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɔ</o> + <g>3.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tev</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɔ</o> + <g>3.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒoɣ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zuz</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ã</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nɛ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲen</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xɛʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ã</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nĩ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>li</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒusok</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ã</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nĩ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Wóly si mikhote tevote zhóğy zuzante næ ñeny khæshante nin li zhusókante nin.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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