Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Eshuh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning STAaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɽ ə s">ɽəs</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɽ ə ʈ a ɖ">ɽəʈaɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4" ph="p a ɳ">paɳ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="e t͡ʃ">et͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="e ʂ u h">eʂuh</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="w a m">wam</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə k ɨ t͡ɕ">əkɨt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ɖ ɨ d">auɖɨd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɽ ə s">ɽəs</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɽ ə ʈ a ɖ">ɽəʈaɖ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4" ph="p a ɳ">paɳ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="e t͡ʃ">et͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="e ʂ u h">eʂuh</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="w a m">wam</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə k ɨ t͡ɕ">əkɨt͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ɖ ɨ d">auɖɨd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɽəs</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɽəʈaɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.4">paɳ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur">et͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl.plur">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">eʂuh</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">wam</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA">h</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">əkɨt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">auɖɨd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">aʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽəs</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽəʈaɖ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">paɳ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃ-</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">et͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">eʂuh</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wam</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">h-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">əkɨt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auɖɨd</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aʃ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>ɽəs ɽəʈaɖip paɳəp t͡ʃet͡ʃuʂ piw ɲaɳai deʂuhuʂ kiw wam həkɨt͡ɕ dauɖɨduʂ daʃuʂ</p> + <p>р̇әс р̇әт̇ад̇ип пан̇әп чечус̇ пив њан̇ай дес̇угус̇ кив вам гәкыћ даўд̇ыдус̇ дашус̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɽəs</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽəʈaɖ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>paɳ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃ-</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>et͡ʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>eʂuh</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wam</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>h-</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>əkɨt͡ɕ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auɖɨd</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aʃ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Р̇әс р̇әт̇ад̇ип пан̇әп чечус̇ пив њан̇ай дес̇угус̇ кив вам гәкыћ даўд̇ыдус̇ дашус̇.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: