Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Huti, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.4">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.4">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.4">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+        <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="n i">ni</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n i t u&#x2D0; k a">nituːka</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i s i">sisi</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4" ph="s i n i">sini</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4.OBJ" ph="f a n i&#x2D0;">faniː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="h u t i">huti</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="m a&#x2D0;">maː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="s i&#x2D0;">siː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="l a k u&#x2D0;">lakuː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="k i s i&#x2D0;">kisiː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="n i m a&#x2D0;">nimaː</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="f i&#x2D0; h a">fiːha</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="t i s a">tisa</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="n i">ni</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n i t u&#x2D0; k a">nituːka</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n u t u&#x2D0; k a" underlying="n i t u&#x2D0; k a">nutuːka</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i s i">sisi</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4" ph="s i n i">sini</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4.OBJ" ph="f a n i&#x2D0;">faniː</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="h u t i">huti</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="h u t u" underlying="h u t i">hutu</word>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="m a&#x2D0;">maː</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="s i&#x2D0;">siː</word>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="l a k u&#x2D0;">lakuː</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="k i s i&#x2D0;">kisiː</word>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="n i m a&#x2D0;">nimaː</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="f i&#x2D0; h a">fiːha</word>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="t i s a">tisa</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="n i">ni</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n u t u&#x2D0; k a" underlying="n i t u&#x2D0; k a">nutuːka</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i s i">sisi</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4" ph="s i n i">sini</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4.OBJ" ph="f a n i&#x2D0;">faniː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="h u t u" underlying="h u t i">hutu</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="m a&#x2D0;">maː</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="s i&#x2D0;">siː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="STA" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="l a k u&#x2D0;">lakuː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="k i s i&#x2D0;">kisiː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="n i m a&#x2D0;">nimaː</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="f i&#x2D0; h a">fiːha</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="t i s a">tisa</thingy>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ni</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="n i t u&#x2D0; k a">nutuːka</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">sisi</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.4">sini</word>
+    <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.4.OBJ">faniː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.1" underlying="h u t i">hutu</word>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">maː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">siː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">siːfiː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">lakuː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">kisiː</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">nimaː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">fiːha</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">tisa</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nituːka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;faniː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.plur.cl.4.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;OBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;huti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;maː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;siː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-siːfiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lakuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kisiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nimaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiːha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ni nutuːka sisi sini faniː laː hutu maː laː siːsiːfiː lakuː kisiː nimaː fiːha tisa</p>
+  <p>ni nutuuka sisi sini fanii laa hutu maa laa siisiifii lakuu kisii nimaa fiiha tisa</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ni</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nituːka</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sisi</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sini</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>faniː</o>
+      <g>3.plur.cl.4.OBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>huti</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>maː</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>siː</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-siːfiː</o>
+      <g>cl.4</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lakuː</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kisiː</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nimaː</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiːha</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tisa</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ni nutuuka sisi sini fanii laa hutu maa laa siisiifii lakuu kisii nimaa fiiha tisa.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: