Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Dad, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> </np> - </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> - </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɗ ai d">ɗaid</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="u ʃ a̰ s+t u s">uʃa̰stus</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʃ ai ɗ">ʃaiɗ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="tʰˤ i b">tʰˤib</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t i ɗˤ">tiɗˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="d ə d">dəd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC" ph="ɗ a t">ɗat</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɗˤ i ɡ">ɗˤiɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="k i b">kib</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="pʰ i b">pʰib</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i f">bif</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɗ ai d">ɗaid</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="u ʃ a̰ s+t u s">uʃa̰stus</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʃ ai ɗ">ʃaiɗ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="tʰˤ i b">tʰˤib</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="t i ɗˤ">tiɗˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="d ə d">dəd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC" ph="ɗ a t">ɗat</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɗˤ i ɡ">ɗˤiɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="k i b">kib</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ṵ p">ṵp</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="pʰ i b">pʰib</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i f">bif</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɗaid</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">uʃa̰stus</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">aʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">ʃaiɗ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ṵp</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">tʰˤib</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">tiɗˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">dəd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ṵp</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" case="LOC">ɗat</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ṵp</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">ɗˤiɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">kib</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ṵp</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">pʰib</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">bif</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗaid</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uʃa̰stus</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aʃ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaiɗ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ṵp</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʰˤib</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dəd</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ṵp</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗat</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ṵp</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗˤiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kib</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ṵp</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pʰib</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bif</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ɗaid puʃa̰stus sˤaʃ ʃaiɗṵp tʰˤib tiɗˤ dədṵp ɗatṵp ɗˤiɡ kibṵp pʰib bif</p> + <p>д̱айд пуша’стус съаш шайд̱у’п ҭъиб тид̱ъ дәду’п д̱ату’п д̱ъиґ кибу’п ԥиб биф</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɗaid</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uʃa̰stus</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤ-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aʃ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaiɗ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ṵp</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʰˤib</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiɗˤ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dəd</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ṵp</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɗat</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ṵp</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɗˤiɡ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kib</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ṵp</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pʰib</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bif</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Д̱айд пуша’стус съаш шайд̱у’п ҭъиб тид̱ъ дәду’п д̱ату’п д̱ъиґ кибу’п ԥиб биф.
But our language arose in a different way.
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