Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from EditedAkutu, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+    <np locus="number" id="parent">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" id="parent">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="STA">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" id="parent">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="STA">
+  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np locus="number" id="parent">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber: No change.

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
            <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="STA" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after"/>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
-        </vp>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing">
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|h|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|h|u|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɲ|i|m|aː|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">|l|uː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">|a|k|u|t|u|</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">|h|oː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">|f|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|f|u|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">|l|uː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after">|aː|l|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ɲ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp">|i|n|i|ɡ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">|h|oː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|s|o|s|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing">|aː|w|i|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |h|o|
#-> ho
### |h|o|
#-> ho
### |h|u|
#-> hu
### |h|u|
#-> hu
### |ɲ|i|m|aː|ŋ|i|
#-> ɲimaːŋi
### |ɲ|i|m|aː|ŋ|i|
#-> ɲimaːŋi
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |a|k|u|t|u|,
#-> akutu,
### |a|k|u|t|u|,
#-> akutu,
### |h|oː|
#-> hoː
### |h|oː|
#-> hoː
### |f|iː|
#-> fiː
### |f|iː|
#-> fiː
### |f|u|
#-> fu
### |f|u|
#-> fu
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |l|uː|
#-> luː
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |aː|l|i|,
#-> aːli,
### |aː|l|i|,
#-> aːli,
### |ɲ|i|
#-> ɲi
### |ɲ|i|
#-> ɲi
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|n|i|ɡ|i|,
#-> iniɡi,
### |i|n|i|ɡ|i|,
#-> iniɡi,
### |h|oː|
#-> hoː
### |h|oː|
#-> hoː
### |s|o|s|i|,
#-> sosi,
### |s|o|s|i|,
#-> sosi,
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |aː|w|i|
#-> aːwi
### |aː|w|i|
#-> aːwi
### |h|o| |h|u| |ɲ|i|m|aː|ŋ|i| |l|uː| |m||a|k|u|t|u|, |h|oː| |f|iː| |f|u| |l|uː| |m||aː|l|i|, |ɲ|i| |m||i|n|i|ɡ|i|, |h|oː| |s|o|s|i|, |m||aː|w|i|
#-> ho hu ɲimaːŋi luː makutu, hoː fiː fu luː maːli, ɲi miniɡi, hoː sosi, maːwi

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|h|o|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|h|u|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɲ|i|m|aː|ŋ|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">|l|uː|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">|a|k|u|t|u|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">|a|k|u|t|u|,</word>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">|h|oː|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">|f|iː|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|f|u|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">|l|uː|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after">|aː|l|i|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" comma="after">|aː|l|i|,</word>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ɲ|i|</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp">|i|n|i|ɡ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp">|i|n|i|ɡ|i|,</word>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">|h|oː|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|s|o|s|i|</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|s|o|s|i|,</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">|m|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing">|aː|w|i|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲimaːŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;luː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;akutu,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hoː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;luː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;aːli,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;iniɡi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hoː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sosi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;m-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;aːwi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ho hu ɲimaːŋi luː makutu, hoː fiː fu luː maːli, ɲi miniɡi, hoː sosi, maːwi</p>
+  <p>ho hu gnimaang’i lue makutu, hoo phie phu lue maali, gni minigi, hoo sosi, maawi</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ho</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hu</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲimaːŋi</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>luː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>akutu,</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hoː</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fu</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>luː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>aːli,</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲi</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>iniɡi,</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hoː</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sosi,</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>m-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>aːwi</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ho hu gnimaang’i lue makutu, hoo phie phu lue maali, gni minigi, hoo sosi, maawi.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: