Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kir, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x261; ai &#x272;">ɡaiɲ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n a k&#x2BC;&#x2B7; a t">nakʼʷat</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x261; a k&#x2BC;">ɡakʼ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="k&#x2B7; &#x268; r">kʷɨr</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; ai t">ʃait</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; au d">t͡ɕaud</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="s &#x259; n">sən</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a k">t͡ʃak</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="p au j">pauj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a&#x2D0; &#x272;">kaːɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a k">ak</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="s &#x259; l">səl</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k &#x268; t&#x361;&#x255;">kɨt͡ɕ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x261; ai &#x272;">ɡaiɲ</word>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n a k&#x2BC;&#x2B7; a t">nakʼʷat</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x261; a k&#x2BC;">ɡakʼ</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="k&#x2B7; &#x268; r">kʷɨr</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; ai t">ʃait</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; au d">t͡ɕaud</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="s &#x259; n">sən</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259;" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a k">t͡ʃak</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="p au j">pauj</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a&#x2D0; &#x272;">kaːɲ</word>
    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a k">ak</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="s &#x259; l">səl</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259;" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k &#x268; t&#x361;&#x255;">kɨt͡ɕ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x261; ai &#x272;">ɡaiɲ</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="n a k&#x2BC;&#x2B7; a t">nakʼʷat</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x261; a k&#x2BC;">ɡakʼ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="k&#x2B7; &#x268; r">kʷɨr</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; ai t">ʃait</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; au d">t͡ɕaud</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="s &#x259; n">sən</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259;" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a k">t͡ʃak</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="p au j">pauj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x268;">ɨ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a&#x2D0; &#x272;">kaːɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a k">ak</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="s &#x259; l">səl</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259;" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k &#x268; t&#x361;&#x255;">kɨt͡ɕ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɡaiɲ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">nakʼʷat</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɡakʼ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">kʷɨr</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">t,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" possessor="no.owner">ʃait</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">t͡ɕaud</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">sən</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">t</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">t͡ʃak,</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">pauj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">t</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">kaːɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ak</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">səl</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="&#x268;">ə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">t</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">kɨt͡ɕ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaiɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nakʼʷat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡakʼ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷɨr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕaud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sən&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pauj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kaːɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;səl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kɨt͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɡaiɲ nakʼʷat ɡakʼ kʷɨrɨt, ʃait t͡ɕaud sənət t͡ʃak, paujɨt kaːɲak sələt kɨt͡ɕ</p>
+  <p>ɡaiɲ nakʼʷat ɡakʼ kʷɨrɨt, ʃait t͡ɕaud sənət t͡ʃak, paujɨt kaːɲak sələt kɨt͡ɕ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaiɲ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nakʼʷat</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡakʼ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷɨr</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɨ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃait</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕaud</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sən</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɨ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃak</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pauj</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɨ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kaːɲ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ak</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>səl</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɨ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kɨt͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ɡaiɲ nakʼʷat ɡakʼ kʷɨrɨt, ʃait t͡ɕaud sənət t͡ʃak, paujɨt kaːɲak sələt kɨt͡ɕ.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: