Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Sqa, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur"> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing"> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative" ph="sʷ+ʡ ᵊ" slots="Cip V2">sʷʡᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʑ+tʰ a ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʑtʰa꜖</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʡ ə#" slots="Cis V2">ʡə#</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ðʷa꜒</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="z+tʰˤ ɨ ɕ+kʰˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ztʰˤɨɕkʰˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="xˤ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">xˤa꜒</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʒ+d a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʒda꜒</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ðʷa꜒</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="j ai ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">jai꜖</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after" ph="ʁ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʁɔi꜒</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after" ph="qˤ ə ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">qˤə꜖</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʰ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">sʷkʰa꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s+qʷ ɨ ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">sqʷɨ꜖</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ ə ʑ+ɖ ai ꜒" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">zˤəʑɖai꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɕ+kʰˤ/ + /xˤ/ > // + /xˤ/<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative" ph="sʷ+ʡ ᵊ" slots="Cip V2">sʷʡᵊ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʑ+tʰ a ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʑtʰa꜖</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʡ ə#" slots="Cis V2">ʡə#</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative" ph="sʷ+ʡ ᵊ">sʷʡᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʑ+tʰ a ꜖">ʑtʰa꜖</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʡ ə#">ʡə#</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ðʷa꜒</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒">ðʷa꜒</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="z+tʰˤ ɨ ɕ+kʰˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ztʰˤɨɕkʰˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="xˤ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">xˤa꜒</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʒ+d a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʒda꜒</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="z+tʰˤ ɨ" underlying="z+tʰˤ ɨ ɕ+kʰˤ">ztʰˤɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="xˤ a ꜒">xˤa꜒</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʒ+d a ꜒">ʒda꜒</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ðʷa꜒</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒">ðʷa꜒</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="j ai ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">jai꜖</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="j ai ꜖">jai꜖</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒">zʷɔi꜒</word> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after" ph="ʁ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʁɔi꜒</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after" ph="ʁ ɔi ꜒">ʁɔi꜒</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒">zʷɔi꜒</word> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after" ph="qˤ ə ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">qˤə꜖</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after" ph="qˤ ə ꜖">qˤə꜖</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʰ a ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">sʷkʰa꜒</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s+qʷ ɨ ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">sqʷɨ꜖</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʰ a ꜒">sʷkʰa꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s+qʷ ɨ ꜖">sqʷɨ꜖</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ ə ʑ+ɖ ai ꜒" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">zˤəʑɖai꜒</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ ə ʑ+ɖ ai ꜒">zˤəʑɖai꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative" ph="sʷ+ʡ ᵊ">sʷʡᵊ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʑ+tʰ a ꜖">ʑtʰa꜖</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʡ ə#">ʡə#</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒">ðʷa꜒</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="z+tʰˤ ɨ" underlying="z+tʰˤ ɨ ɕ+kʰˤ">ztʰˤɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="xˤ a ꜒">xˤa꜒</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʒ+d a ꜒">ʒda꜒</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ðʷ a ꜒">ðʷa꜒</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner" ph="j ai ꜖">jai꜖</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒">zʷɔi꜒</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after" ph="ʁ ɔi ꜒">ʁɔi꜒</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner" ph="zʷ ɔi ꜒">zʷɔi꜒</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after" ph="qˤ ə ꜖">qˤə꜖</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʰ a ꜒">sʷkʰa꜒</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s+qʷ ɨ ꜖">sqʷɨ꜖</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ ə ʑ+ɖ ai ꜒">zˤəʑɖai꜒</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="zˤ+kʰ ɔi ꜖">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> + <thingy type="vpvoice.mode" function="proclitic" gloss="active.indicative">sʷʡᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʑtʰa꜖</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʡə#</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">ðʷa꜒</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="z+tʰˤ ɨ ɕ+kʰˤ">ztʰˤɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">xˤa꜒</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ʒda꜒</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">ðʷa꜒</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">jai꜖,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">ʁɔi꜒,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">zʷɔi꜒</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after">qˤə꜖,</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">sʷkʰa꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">sqʷɨ꜖</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">zˤəʑɖai꜒</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">zˤkʰɔi꜖</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷʡᵊ</span><br><span class="gls">active.indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʑtʰa꜖</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡə̃</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðʷa꜒</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ztʰˤɨɕkʰˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xˤa꜒</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒda꜒</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðʷa꜒</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jai꜖</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷɔi꜒</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʁɔi꜒</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷɔi꜒</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qˤə꜖</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷkʰa꜒</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤkʰɔi꜖</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqʷɨ꜖</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤəʑɖai꜒</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤkʰɔi꜖</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>sʷʡᵊ ʑtʰa꜖ ʡə̃ ðʷa꜒ ztʰˤɨxˤa꜒ ʒda꜒ ðʷa꜒ jai꜖, zʷɔi꜒ ʁɔi꜒, zʷɔi꜒ qˤə꜖, sʷkʰa꜒ zˤkʰɔi꜖ sqʷɨ꜖ zˤəʑɖai꜒ zˤkʰɔi꜖</p> + <p>swʡ ʑtha̠ ʡẽ ðwā ztḥyx̣ā zhdā ðwā jai̠, zwɔī ʁɔī, zwɔī q̣e̠, swkhā ẓkhɔi̠ sqwy̠ ẓeʑrdaī ẓkhɔi̠</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʷʡᵊ</o> + <g>active.indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʑtʰa꜖</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡə̃</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðʷa꜒</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ztʰˤɨɕkʰˤ-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xˤa꜒</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒda꜒</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðʷa꜒</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jai꜖</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷɔi꜒</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʁɔi꜒</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷɔi꜒</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qˤə꜖</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷkʰa꜒</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤkʰɔi꜖</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqʷɨ꜖</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤəʑɖai꜒</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤkʰɔi꜖</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Swʡ ʑtha̠ ʡẽ ðwā ztḥyx̣ā zhdā ðwā jai̠, zwɔī ʁɔī, zwɔī q̣e̠, swkhā ẓkhɔi̠ sqwy̠ ẓeʑrdaī ẓkhɔi̠.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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