Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Beg, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x283; i &#x2C8; &#x283;">ʃiˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i &#x283;">siʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="x e &#x2C8; s">xeˈs</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x3B8; &#x254; &#x2C8; r">θɔˈr</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j o &#x2C8; d&#x361;&#x292;">joˈd͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; d">æd</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#xF0; &#x254; &#x2C8; n">ðɔˈn</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="x e &#x2C8; s">xeˈs</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="h i &#x2C8; &#xF0;">hiˈð</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="w &#x254; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">wɔˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p ai &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">paiˈθ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="x i &#x2C8; w">xiˈw</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="j &#xE6; &#x2C8; h">jæˈh</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p ai &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">paiˈθ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t i j ai &#x2C8; n">tijaiˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x283; i &#x2C8; &#x283;">ʃiˈʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i &#x283;">siʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="x e &#x2C8; s">xeˈs</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x3B8; &#x254; &#x2C8; r">θɔˈr</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j o &#x2C8; d&#x361;&#x292;">joˈd͡ʒ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; d">æd</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#xF0; &#x254; &#x2C8; n">ðɔˈn</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="x e &#x2C8; s">xeˈs</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="h i &#x2C8; &#xF0;">hiˈð</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="w &#x254; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">wɔˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p ai &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">paiˈθ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="x i &#x2C8; w">xiˈw</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="j &#xE6; &#x2C8; h">jæˈh</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p ai &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">paiˈθ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t i j ai &#x2C8; n">tijaiˈn</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#xE6; v">æv</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʃiˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">siʃ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">xeˈs</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">θɔˈr</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">joˈd͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">æd</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">æv</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ðɔˈn</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">xeˈs</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">hiˈð</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">wɔˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">æv</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">paiˈθ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">xiˈw</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">æv</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">jæˈh</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">paiˈθ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">tijaiˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">æv</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃiʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;siʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈθɔr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈjod͡ʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-æd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-æv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈðɔn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈhið&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈwɔŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-æv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpaiθ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈxiw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-æv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈjæh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpaiθ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tiˈjain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-æv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈʃiʃ siʃ ˈxes ˈθɔr ˈjod͡ʒædæv ˈðɔn ˈxes ˈhið ˈwɔŋæv ˈpaiθ ˈxiwæv ˈjæh ˈpaiθ tiˈjainæv</p>
+  <p>shish sish khes thor yójädäv ðon khes hið wongäv paith khiwäv yäh paith tiyainäv</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃiʃ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>siʃ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈxes</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈθɔr</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈjod͡ʒ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-æd</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-æv</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈðɔn</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈxes</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈhið</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈwɔŋ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-æv</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpaiθ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈxiw</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-æv</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈjæh</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpaiθ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tiˈjain</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-æv</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Shish sish khes thor yójädäv ðon khes hið wongäv paith khiwäv yäh paith tiyainäv.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: