Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Saht, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.7"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.7"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.7"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.7
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.7
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.7<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <subs> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d ɛː ̰꜖ θˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɓˤ ᵊ ɡ au ꜖꜒" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ɓˤᵊɡau꜖꜒</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="ʔ ᵊ d͡ʑ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q i ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">qḭ꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7.OBJ" ph="ɟ ə ɢ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɟəɢ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7" ph="s+tʼˤ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">stʼˤa̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ b" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒b</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7.POSS" ph="ʑ+gʱʷ ᵊ ʒ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʃtʰˤɵ꜖</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">sˤʈʰɞː꜖</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="zˤ+dˤ u ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤdˤu꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+qˤ ɛ ̰꜖ kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ œ ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">sˤœ꜒</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɕ+kˤ/ + /zˤ+ɡˤ/ > // + /zˤ+ɡˤ/
/tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/ > /tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/
/zˤ+ɖʱ/ + /ɓˤ/ > // + /zˤ+ɖʱ/
/꜖꜒/ + /꜖꜒/ > // + /꜖꜒/
/̰꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /̰꜒/
/̰꜖/ + /̰꜖/ > // + /̰꜖/
/ɕ+kˤ/ + /zˤ+ɡˤ/ > // + /zˤ+ɡˤ/
/tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/ > /tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/
/zˤ+ɖʱ/ + /s+tʼˤ/ > // + /s+tʼˤ/
/̰꜖/ + /꜖꜒/ > // + /̰꜖/
/꜖/ + /꜒/ > // + /꜒/
/̰꜖/ + /̰꜖/ > // + /̰꜖/
/꜖/ + /꜒/ > // + /꜒/
/꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /꜒/
/꜒/ + /̰꜖/ > // + /̰꜖/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d ɛː ̰꜖ θˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɓˤ ᵊ ɡ au ꜖꜒" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ɓˤᵊɡau꜖꜒</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d ɛː ̰꜖ θˤ">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ ᵊ ɡ au" underlying="ɓˤ ᵊ ɡ au ꜖꜒">zˤɖʱᵊɡau</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="ʔ ᵊ d͡ʑ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q i ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">qḭ꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7.OBJ" ph="ɟ ə ɢ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɟəɢ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7" ph="s+tʼˤ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">stʼˤa̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ b" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒b</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="ʔ ᵊ d͡ʑ">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q i" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7.OBJ" ph="ɟ ə ɢ">ɟəɢ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7" ph="s+tʼˤ a" underlying="s+tʼˤ a ̰꜖">stʼˤa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ b" underlying="꜖꜒ b">̰꜖b</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7.POSS" ph="ʑ+gʱʷ ᵊ ʒ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʃtʰˤɵ꜖</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7.POSS" ph="ʑ+gʱʷ ᵊ ʒ">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ" underlying="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ ꜖">ʃtʰˤɵ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">sˤʈʰɞː꜖</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː" underlying="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː ꜖">sˤʈʰɞː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="zˤ+dˤ u ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">zˤdˤu꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+qˤ ɛ ̰꜖ kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ œ ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">sˤœ꜒</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="zˤ+dˤ u" underlying="zˤ+dˤ u ꜒">zˤdˤu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+qˤ ɛ ̰꜖ kʼʷ">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ œ" underlying="sˤ œ ꜒">sˤœ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d ɛː ̰꜖ θˤ">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ ᵊ ɡ au" underlying="ɓˤ ᵊ ɡ au ꜖꜒">zˤɖʱᵊɡau</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="ʔ ᵊ d͡ʑ">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="q i" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7.OBJ" ph="ɟ ə ɢ">ɟəɢ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7" ph="s+tʼˤ a" underlying="s+tʼˤ a ̰꜖">stʼˤa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ b" underlying="꜖꜒ b">̰꜖b</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7.POSS" ph="ʑ+gʱʷ ᵊ ʒ">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ" underlying="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ ꜖">ʃtʰˤɵ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː" underlying="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː ꜖">sˤʈʰɞː</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="zˤ+dˤ u" underlying="zˤ+dˤ u ꜒">zˤdˤu</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ+qˤ ɛ ̰꜖ kʼʷ">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" ph="sˤ œ" underlying="sˤ œ ꜒">sˤœ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ ʒ">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="ɓˤ ᵊ ɡ au ꜖꜒">zˤɖʱᵊɡau</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.7.OBJ">ɟəɢ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.7" underlying="s+tʼˤ a ̰꜖">stʼˤa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" underlying="꜖꜒ b">̰꜖b</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.7.POSS">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" underlying="ʃ+tʰˤ ɵ ꜖">ʃtʰˤɵ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="3.sing.cl.7" case="NOM" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" underlying="sˤ+ʈʰ ɞː ꜖">sˤʈʰɞː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" underlying="zˤ+dˤ u ꜒">zˤdˤu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" underlying="sˤ œ ꜒">sˤœ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.7">̰꜖ʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɛː̰꜖θˤ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕkˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɖʱ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓˤᵊɡau꜖꜒</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜖꜒t͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔᵊd͡ʑ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qḭ꜒</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕqʷa̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰꜖ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.7</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟəɢ</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.cl.7.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕkˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɖʱ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">stʼˤa̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜖꜒b</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.7.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃtʰˤɵ꜖</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕqʷa̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰꜖ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.7</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʈʰɞː꜖</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤdˤu꜒</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤœ꜒</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰꜖ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.7</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>dɛː̰꜖θˤ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤzˤɖʱᵊɡau꜖꜒t͡sˤ ʔᵊd͡ʑ qḭ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ ɟəɢ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤstʼˤa̰꜖b ʑgʱʷᵊʒ ʃtʰˤɵ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ sˤʈʰɞː꜒cʼ zˤdˤu꜒cʼ sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ sˤœ̰꜖ʒ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</p> + <p>dɛː̰꜖θˤ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤzˤɖʱᵊɡau꜖꜒t͡sˤ ʔᵊd͡ʑ qḭ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ ɟəɢ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤstʼˤa̰꜖b ʑgʱʷᵊʒ ʃtʰˤɵ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ sˤʈʰɞː꜒cʼ zˤdˤu꜒cʼ sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ sˤœ̰꜖ʒ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>dɛː̰꜖θˤ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕkˤ-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɖʱ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓˤᵊɡau꜖꜒</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜖꜒t͡sˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔᵊd͡ʑ</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qḭ꜒</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕqʷa̰꜖</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰꜖ʒ</o> + <g>cl.7</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɟəɢ</o> + <g>3.plur.cl.7.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕkˤ-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɖʱ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>stʼˤa̰꜖</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜖꜒b</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʑgʱʷᵊʒ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.7.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃtʰˤɵ꜖</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕqʷa̰꜖</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰꜖ʒ</o> + <g>cl.7</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʈʰɞː꜖</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤdˤu꜒</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤœ꜒</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰꜖ʒ</o> + <g>cl.7</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Dɛː̰꜖θˤ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤzˤɖʱᵊɡau꜖꜒t͡sˤ ʔᵊd͡ʑ qḭ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ ɟəɢ zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤstʼˤa̰꜖b ʑgʱʷᵊʒ ʃtʰˤɵ꜒cʼ ɕqʷa̰꜖ʒ sˤʈʰɞː꜒cʼ zˤdˤu꜒cʼ sˤqˤɛ̰꜖kʼʷ sˤœ̰꜖ʒ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ.
But our language arose in a different way.
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