Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Sahqosahq, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module sequential:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </relp> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </relp> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɕ e ˈ h">ɕeˈh</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ o ŋ">ʈoŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʂ+cʼ i n u ˈ sˤ">ʂcʼinuˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.OBJ" ph="sˤ o ʈʼ">sˤoʈʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="tˤ o ˈ s">tˤoˈs</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ o ˈ n">ʂoˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃ+q oː ˈ ɕ+qʼ">ʃqoːˈɕqʼ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="n o s">nos</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ʂ o ˈ n">ʂoˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɽ i ˈ s+tˤ">ɽiˈstˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɽ e ˈ ɕ+k">ɽeˈɕk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="s+qʼ e ˈ nˤ">sqʼeˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ i ˈ tˤ">ʂiˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t ɨ ˈ s">tɨˈs</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɕ e ˈ h">ɕeˈh</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ o ŋ">ʈoŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʂ+cʼ i n u ˈ sˤ">ʂcʼinuˈsˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.OBJ" ph="sˤ o ʈʼ">sˤoʈʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="tˤ o ˈ s">tˤoˈs</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ o ˈ n">ʂoˈn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʃ+q oː ˈ ɕ+qʼ">ʃqoːˈɕqʼ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="n o s">nos</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ʂ o ˈ n">ʂoˈn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="ɽ i ˈ s+tˤ">ɽiˈstˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɽ e ˈ ɕ+k">ɽeˈɕk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="s+qʼ e ˈ nˤ">sqʼeˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ i ˈ tˤ">ʂiˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i qʼ">iqʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t ɨ ˈ s">tɨˈs</word> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ɕeˈh</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈoŋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʂcʼinuˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.OBJ">sˤoʈʼ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">tˤoˈs</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">ʂoˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">ʃqoːˈɕqʼ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iqʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">nos</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">ʂoˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">ɽiˈstˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iqʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">ɽeˈɕk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iqʼ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">sqʼeˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">ʂiˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iqʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">tɨˈs</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɕeh</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈoŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂcʼiˈnusˤ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤoʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤos</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂon</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃqoːɕqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nos</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂon</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽistˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽeɕk</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsqʼenˤ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂitˤ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɨs</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ˈɕeh ʈoŋ ʂcʼiˈnusˤ sˤoʈʼ ˈtˤos ˈʂon ˈʃqoːɕqʼiqʼ nos ˈʂon ˈɽistˤiqʼ ˈɽeɕkiqʼ ˈsqʼenˤ ˈʂitˤiqʼ ˈtɨs</p> + <p>ɕeh rtong rscʼinuṣ ṣoʈʼ ṭos rson shqooɕgqigq nos rson rrisṭigq rreɕkigq sgqeṇ rsiṭigq tys</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈɕeh</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈoŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂcʼiˈnusˤ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤoʈʼ</o> + <g>3.plur.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤos</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂon</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃqoːɕqʼ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iqʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nos</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂon</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽistˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iqʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽeɕk</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iqʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsqʼenˤ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂitˤ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iqʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtɨs</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ɕeh rtong rscʼinuṣ ṣoʈʼ ṭos rson shqooɕgqigq nos rson rrisṭigq rreɕkigq sgqeṇ rsiṭigq tys.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: