Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Hed, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+    <np locus="number" id="parent">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" id="parent">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.7" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/optional

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.7" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|k|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|sˤ|o|ʂ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|j|u|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|h|e|d|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|b|eː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">|ɖ|y|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">|t͡ɕ|o|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">-|e|nˤ|y|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">|ʈ|u|w|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">|b|eː|</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7" comma="after">|ɡ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|sˤ|e|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |sˤ|o|ʂ|a|
#-> sˤoʂa
### |sˤ|o|ʂ|a|
#-> sˤoʂa
### |j|u|
#-> ju
### |j|u|
#-> ju
### |h|e|d|
#-> hed
### |h|e|d|
#-> hed
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|i|nˤ|ø|,
#-> -inˤø,
### -|i|nˤ|ø|,
#-> -inˤø,
### |b|eː|
#-> beː
### |b|eː|
#-> beː
### |ɖ|y|
#-> ɖy
### |ɖ|y|
#-> ɖy
### |t͡ɕ|o|ɲ|
#-> t͡ɕoɲ
### |t͡ɕ|o|ɲ|
#-> t͡ɕoɲ
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|e|nˤ|y|,
#-> -enˤy,
### -|e|nˤ|y|,
#-> -enˤy,
### |ʈ|u|w|
#-> ʈuw
### |ʈ|u|w|
#-> ʈuw
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|u|l|
#-> -ul
### -|i|nˤ|ø|,
#-> -inˤø,
### -|i|nˤ|ø|,
#-> -inˤø,
### |b|eː|
#-> beː
### |b|eː|
#-> beː
### |ɡ|a|
#-> ɡa
### |ɡ|a|
#-> ɡa
### -,
#-> -,
### |sˤ|e|
#-> sˤe
### |sˤ|e|
#-> sˤe
### |k|a| |sˤ|o|ʂ|a| |j|u| |h|e|d||u|l||i|nˤ|ø|, |b|eː| |ɖ|y| |t͡ɕ|o|ɲ||u|l||e|nˤ|y|, |ʈ|u|w||u|l||i|nˤ|ø|, |b|eː| |ɡ|a|, |sˤ|e|
#-> ka sˤoʂa ju hedulinˤø, beː ɖy t͡ɕoɲulenˤy, ʈuwulinˤø, beː ɡa, sˤe

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|k|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|sˤ|o|ʂ|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|j|u|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|h|e|d|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|,</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|b|eː|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">|ɖ|y|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.7" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">|t͡ɕ|o|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">-|e|nˤ|y|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">-|e|nˤ|y|,</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">|ʈ|u|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|l|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|i|nˤ|ø|,</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner">|b|eː|</word>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.7" comma="after">|ɡ|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|sˤ|e|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sˤoʂa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ju&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-inˤø,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;no.owner.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;beː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕoɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-enˤy,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʈuw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-inˤø,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;no.owner.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;beː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sˤe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ka sˤoʂa ju hedulinˤø, beː ɖy t͡ɕoɲulenˤy, ʈuwulinˤø, beː ɡa, sˤe</p>
+  <p>ка съос̇а ју гедулинъө, бее д̇ү ћоњуленъү, т̇увулинъө, бее ґа, съе</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sˤoʂa</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ju</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hed</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ul</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-inˤø,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>beː</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖy</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕoɲ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ul</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-enˤy,</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʈuw</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ul</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-inˤø,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>beː</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡa</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sˤe</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ка съос̇а ју гедулинъө, бее д̇ү ћоњуленъү, т̇увулинъө, бее ґа, съе.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: