Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Har, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: num, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: num, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ðʲ au ˈ pʲ">ðʲauˈpʲ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="bˠ a kʲ">bˠakʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɸʲ a ˈ ɡʲ">ɸʲaˈɡʲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="sʲ i ˈ fʲ">sʲiˈfʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="θʲ ai ˈ fˠ">θʲaiˈfˠ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="xˠ u ˈ xʲ">xˠuˈxʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʁˠ au ˈ tʲ">ʁˠauˈtʲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="nʲ ai ˈ pʲ">nʲaiˈpʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="dʲ u ˈ ɾʲ">dʲuˈɾʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="wˠ">wˠ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ˈ nʲ">iˈnʲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɣˠ i ˈ dʲ">ɣˠiˈdʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="xˠ i ɡʲ o ˈ wʲ">xˠiɡʲoˈwʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="wˠ">wˠ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ˈ nʲ">iˈnʲ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ðʲ au ˈ pʲ">ðʲauˈpʲ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="bˠ a kʲ">bˠakʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɸʲ a ˈ ɡʲ">ɸʲaˈɡʲ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="sʲ i ˈ fʲ">sʲiˈfʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="θʲ ai ˈ fˠ">θʲaiˈfˠ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="xˠ u ˈ xʲ">xˠuˈxʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʁˠ au ˈ tʲ">ʁˠauˈtʲ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="bˠ i">bˠi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="nʲ ai ˈ pʲ">nʲaiˈpʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="dʲ u ˈ ɾʲ">dʲuˈɾʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="wˠ">wˠ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ˈ nʲ">iˈnʲ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɣˠ i ˈ dʲ">ɣˠiˈdʲ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="xˠ i ɡʲ o ˈ wʲ">xˠiɡʲoˈwʲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o dʲ">odʲ</thingy> - <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="wˠ">wˠ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="i ˈ nʲ">iˈnʲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ðʲauˈpʲ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">bˠakʲ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ɸʲaˈɡʲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">sʲiˈfʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">uh</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">θʲaiˈfˠ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">xˠuˈxʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">odʲ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ʁˠauˈtʲ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">bˠi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">nʲaiˈpʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">odʲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">dʲuˈɾʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">odʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">wˠ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">iˈnʲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɣˠiˈdʲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">xˠiɡʲoˈwʲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">odʲ</thingy> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">wˠ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">iˈnʲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðʲaupʲ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠakʲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɸʲaɡʲ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠi-</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsʲifʲ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uh</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθʲaifˠ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠi-</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxˠuxʲ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-odʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʁˠautʲ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˠi-</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnʲaipʲ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-odʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdʲuɾʲ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-odʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wˠ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈinʲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɣˠidʲ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xˠiˈɡʲowʲ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-odʲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wˠ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈinʲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈðʲaupʲ bˠakʲ ˈɸʲaɡʲ bˠiˈsʲifʲuh ˈθʲaifˠ bˠiˈxˠuxʲodʲ ˈʁˠautʲ bˠiˈnʲaipʲodʲ ˈdʲuɾʲodʲ ˈwˠinʲ ˈɣˠidʲ xˠiˈɡʲowʲodʲ ˈwˠinʲ</p> + <p>ҙяuпь бакь фяґь бысифюг ѳяiфъ быхухёдь ӷаuть быняiпёдь дюрёдь вынь ғыдь хыґёвёдь вынь</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈðʲaupʲ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠakʲ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɸʲaɡʲ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠi-</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsʲifʲ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uh</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈθʲaifˠ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠi-</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxˠuxʲ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-odʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʁˠautʲ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˠi-</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnʲaipʲ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-odʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdʲuɾʲ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-odʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wˠ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈinʲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɣˠidʲ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xˠiˈɡʲowʲ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-odʲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wˠ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈinʲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ҙяuпь бакь фяґь бысифюг ѳяiфъ быхухёдь ӷаuть быняiпёдь дюрёдь вынь ғыдь хыґёвёдь вынь.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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