Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Mip, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> + <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> - </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʃ e ɲ">ʃeɲ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s i ˈ xʷ">siˈxʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t a ˈ ɡʷ">taˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="x a ˈ t͡ʃ">xaˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="b iː ˈ s">biːˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="s au ˈ ʃ">sauˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="m ɨ ˈ t͡ʃ">mɨˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ ŋ">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i ˈ ɡʷ">niˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ oː ˈ ʃ">ɡʷoːˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n a x iː ˈ s">naxiːˈs</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i ˈ ɡʷ">niˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʃ e ɲ">ʃeɲ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s i ˈ xʷ">siˈxʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t a ˈ ɡʷ">taˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="x a ˈ t͡ʃ">xaˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="b iː ˈ s">biːˈs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="s au ˈ ʃ">sauˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="m ɨ ˈ t͡ʃ">mɨˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ ŋ">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i ˈ ɡʷ">niˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ oː ˈ ʃ">ɡʷoːˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n a x iː ˈ s">naxiːˈs</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n i ˈ ɡʷ">niˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʃeɲ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">siˈxʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">taˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3">xaˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">biːˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">sauˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">mɨˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">im</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS">ka</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS">ka</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">niˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɡʷoːˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">naxiːˈs</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">niˈɡʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃeɲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsixʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtaɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbiːs</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmɨt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ka</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ka</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃoŋ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈniɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡʷoːʃ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naˈxiːs</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈniɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ʃeɲ ˈsixʷ ˈtaɡʷit͡ʃ ˈxat͡ʃit͡ʃ ˈbiːs ˈsauʃit͡ʃ ˈmɨt͡ʃim ka ka ˈt͡ʃoŋit͡ʃ ˈniɡʷ ˈɡʷoːʃ naˈxiːsit͡ʃ ˈniɡʷ</p> + <p>sheñ sikhw tagwich khachich biis saushich mychim ka ka chongich nigw gwoosh nakhiisich nigw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʃeɲ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsixʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtaɡʷ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-it͡ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxat͡ʃ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-it͡ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbiːs</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsauʃ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-it͡ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmɨt͡ʃ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ka</o> + <g>3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ka</o> + <g>3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃoŋ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-it͡ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈniɡʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡʷoːʃ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naˈxiːs</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-it͡ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈniɡʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Sheñ sikhw tagwich khachich biis saushich mychim ka ka chongich nigw gwoosh nakhiisich nigw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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