Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gus, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </np> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" locus="number"> + <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def"> + <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <np role="subj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> </vp> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> </vp> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> </subs> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicativeaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> </subs> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <subs> - <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - </subs> - </np> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w i k">wik</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f o̰ ˈ">fo̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" ph="ɲ e ˈ kʼ">ɲeˈkʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="nˤ o ˈ x">nˤoˈx</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="p i ˈ">piˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC" ph="j e ˈ t">jeˈt</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d u p">dup</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t i ˈ t">tiˈt</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="kʼʷ a ˈ">kʼʷaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ḭ ˈ d">ɡḭˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ˈ x">noˈx</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ i ˈ m">ʃiˈm</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ḭ ˈ d">ɡḭˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="kʷ o w o ˈ nˤ">kʷowoˈnˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w i k">wik</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f o̰ ˈ">fo̰ˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" ph="ɲ e ˈ kʼ">ɲeˈkʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="nˤ o ˈ x">nˤoˈx</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="p i ˈ">piˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC" ph="j e ˈ t">jeˈt</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d u p">dup</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t i ˈ t">tiˈt</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="kʼʷ a ˈ">kʼʷaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ḭ ˈ d">ɡḭˈd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ˈ x">noˈx</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ i ˈ m">ʃiˈm</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ḭ ˈ d">ɡḭˈd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="kʷ o w o ˈ nˤ">kʷowoˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">wik</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">fo̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj">ɲeˈkʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj">nˤoˈx</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">piˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC">jeˈt</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">dup</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">tiˈt</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">kʼʷaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɡḭˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">noˈx</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʃiˈm</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɡḭˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">kʷowoˈnˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wik</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfo̰</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲekʼ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤox</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpi</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤaˈdadˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjet</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dup</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtit</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkʼʷa</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤaˈdadˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡḭd</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnox</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃim</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡḭd</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷoˈwonˤ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>wik ˈfo̰l ˈɲekʼ ˈnˤox ˈpil tˤaˈdadˤ ˈjet dup ˈtit ˈkʼʷal tˤaˈdadˤ ˈɡḭd ˈnox ˈʃim ˈɡḭd kʷoˈwonˤ</p> + <p>विक् फ़ोःल् ञेक़ ऩो पिल् त़दद़् येत् दुप् तित् क़वल् त़दद़् गिःद् नो षिम् गिःद् क्वोवोऩ्</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wik</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfo̰</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲekʼ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤox</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpi</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤaˈdadˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjet</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dup</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtit</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkʼʷa</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤaˈdadˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡḭd</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnox</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃim</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡḭd</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷoˈwonˤ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>विक् फ़ोःल् ञेक़ ऩो पिल् त़दद़् येत् दुप् तित् क़वल् त़दद़् गिःद् नो षिम् गिःद् क्वोवोऩ् ॥
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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