Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Airu, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sˤ ɛ̰ ˈ">sˤɛ̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ i s">tˤis</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="b a ˈ kʷ">baˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="o">o</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="k ɔ ˈ t">kɔˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="u ɡ ḛ">uɡḛ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ ɔ ˈ ɡ">ʃɔˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i t͡ʃ u">it͡ʃu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="a̰">a̰</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a ˈ j">jaˈj</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ au ˈ ɾ">ʃauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="au f u ˈ b a">aufuˈba</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a ˈ j">jaˈj</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sˤ ɛ̰ ˈ">sˤɛ̰ˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ i s">tˤis</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="b a ˈ kʷ">baˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="o">o</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="k ɔ ˈ t">kɔˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="u ɡ ḛ">uɡḛ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ ɔ ˈ ɡ">ʃɔˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i t͡ʃ u">it͡ʃu</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="a̰">a̰</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a ˈ j">jaˈj</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʃ au ˈ ɾ">ʃauˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="au f u ˈ b a">aufuˈba</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a ˈ j">jaˈj</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">sˤɛ̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">tˤis</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">baˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">o</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">sˤɔˈs</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">kɔˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">uɡḛ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ʃɔˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">it͡ʃu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">sˤɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">a̰</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">jaˈj</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʃauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">aufuˈba</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">jaˈj</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɛ̰</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤis</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbakʷ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oj</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃ-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">o</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɔs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkɔt</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uɡḛ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃɔɡ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oj</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ʃu</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɔs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">a̰</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjaj</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaufuba</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjaj</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈsˤɛ̰kʷ tˤis ˈbakʷoj t͡ʃod ˈsˤɔs ˈkɔt dˤuɡḛd ˈʃɔɡoj dˤit͡ʃud ˈsˤɔs dˤa̰d ˈjaj ˈʃauɾ dˤauˈfubad ˈjaj</p> + <p>ṣæ’qu ṭis baquój chód ṣos kot ḍuge’d shogój ḍichud ṣos ḍa’d jaj shaur ḍaufubad jaj</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɛ̰</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤis</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbakʷ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-oj</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃ-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>o</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɔs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkɔt</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uɡḛ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃɔɡ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-oj</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ʃu</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɔs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>a̰</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjaj</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃauɾ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaufuba</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjaj</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ṣæ’qu ṭis baquój chód ṣos kot ḍuge’d shogój ḍichud ṣos ḍa’d jaj shaur ḍaufubad jaj.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: