Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Raf, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i ˈ ɣ">iˈɣ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="p iː ˈ f">piːˈf</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f a ˈ r">faˈr</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="n o ˈ ɡ">noˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="m e ˈ m">meˈm</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p iː ˈ f">piːˈf</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p i ˈ m">piˈm</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ b">t͡ʃaˈb</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="h a r">har</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʃ a ˈ j">ʃaˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʒ ai ˈ r">ʒaiˈr</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h au ˈ f">hauˈf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʃ a ˈ j">ʃaˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ɣ e ˈ d">ʋaɣeˈd</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i ˈ ɣ">iˈɣ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="p iː ˈ f">piːˈf</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f a ˈ r">faˈr</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="n o ˈ ɡ">noˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="m e ˈ m">meˈm</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p iː ˈ f">piːˈf</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p i ˈ m">piˈm</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ b">t͡ʃaˈb</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="h a r">har</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʃ a ˈ j">ʃaˈj</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʒ ai ˈ r">ʒaiˈr</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h au ˈ f">hauˈf</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʃ a ˈ j">ʃaˈj</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ɣ e ˈ d">ʋaɣeˈd</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u ŋ">uŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">h</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">iˈɣ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">m</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">piːˈf</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">faˈr</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">noˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">uŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">meˈm</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">piːˈf</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">piˈm</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">t͡ʃaˈb</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">uŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">har</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʃaˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʒaiˈr</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">uŋ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">hauˈf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʃaˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʋaɣeˈd</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">uŋ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">h-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈiɣ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-m</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpiːf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfar</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnoɡ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmem</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpiːf</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpim</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃab</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">har</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaj</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒair</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhauf</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaj</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋaˈɣed</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈhiɣum ˈpiːf ˈfar ˈnoɡuŋ ˈmem ˈpiːf ˈpim ˈt͡ʃabuŋ har ˈʃaj ˈʒairuŋ ˈhauf ˈʃaj ʋaˈɣeduŋ</p> + <p>hiğum piif farr nogung mem piif pim chabung harr shaj zhairrung hauf shaj wağedung</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>h-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈiɣ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-m</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpiːf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfar</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnoɡ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uŋ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmem</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpiːf</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpim</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃab</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uŋ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>har</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaj</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒair</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uŋ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhauf</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaj</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋaˈɣed</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uŋ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Hiğum piif farr nogung mem piif pim chabung harr shaj zhairrung hauf shaj wağedung.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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