Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nyan, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <np def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + <np def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ o ˈ">ʒoˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʒ u l">ʒul</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="m ɔ ˈ r">mɔˈr</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ḭ ˈ n">nḭˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="kʰ i ˈ">kʰiˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="h u ˈ">huˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="d͡ʒ ø ˈ m">d͡ʒøˈm</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʒ a ˈ l">ʒaˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="p o̰ ˈ n">po̰ˈn</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d i ˈ s">diˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʒ a ˈ l">ʒaˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʔ a d͡z ɔ ˈ">ʔad͡zɔˈ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ o ˈ">ʒoˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʒ u l">ʒul</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="m ɔ ˈ r">mɔˈr</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ḭ ˈ n">nḭˈn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="kʰ i ˈ">kʰiˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="h u ˈ">huˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" ph="d͡ʒ ø ˈ m">d͡ʒøˈm</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʒ a ˈ l">ʒaˈl</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="p o̰ ˈ n">po̰ˈn</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d i ˈ s">diˈs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʒ a ˈ l">ʒaˈl</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="ʔ a d͡z ɔ ˈ">ʔad͡zɔˈ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʒoˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">m</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʒul</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">mɔˈr</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">en</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nḭˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">kʰiˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">en</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">huˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">en</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">d͡ʒøˈm</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">en</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">ʒaˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">po̰ˈn</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">diˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">ʒaˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">ʔad͡zɔˈ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒo</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-m</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒul</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmɔr</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-en</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnḭn</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkʰi</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-en</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhu</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-en</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈd͡ʒøm</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-en</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒal</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpo̰n</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdis</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒal</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaˈd͡zɔ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʒom ʒul ˈmɔren ˈnḭn ˈkʰien ˈhuen ˈd͡ʒømen ˈʒal ˈpo̰n ˈdis ˈʒal ʔaˈd͡zɔ</p> + <p>zhóm zhul moren ni’n khien huen jømen zhal pó’n dis zhal qadzo</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈʒo</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-m</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒul</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmɔr</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-en</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnḭn</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkʰi</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-en</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhu</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-en</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈd͡ʒøm</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-en</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒal</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpo̰n</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdis</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒal</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaˈd͡zɔ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Zhóm zhul moren ni’n khien huen jømen zhal pó’n dis zhal qadzo.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: