Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Yof, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.defaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a s">was</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ŋʷ">ŋʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ a r">ɲar</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ e b">ɲeb</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ i m">t͡ʃim</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m ə# n">mə#n</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="w a s+k">wask</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʔ aː">ʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɡʷ au f">ɡʷauf</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋʷ">iŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t e f">tef</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʔ aː">ʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="s i n au n">sinaun</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋʷ">iŋʷ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a s">was</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ i">t͡ʃi</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ŋʷ">ŋʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ a r">ɲar</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="ɲ e b">ɲeb</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ i m">t͡ʃim</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m ə# n">mə#n</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="w a s+k">wask</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʔ aː">ʔaː</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɡʷ au f">ɡʷauf</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋʷ">iŋʷ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t e f">tef</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ʔ aː">ʔaː</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="s i n au n">sinaun</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋʷ">iŋʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">was</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡ʃi</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ɲar</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">u</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">ɲeb</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">is</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">t͡ʃim</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">mə#n</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">wask</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">is</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ɡʷauf</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">iŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">tef</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ʔaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">sinaun</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">iŋʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">was</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲar</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">u-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲeb</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-is</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃim</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mə̃n</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">i-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wask</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-is</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">i-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷauf</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tef</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">i-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sinaun</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span></p> + <p>was t͡ʃiŋʷ ɲar duɲebis t͡ʃim mə̃n diwaskis ʔaː diɡʷaufiŋʷ tef ʔaː disinauniŋʷ</p> + <p>was chingw ñar duñebis chim mẽn diwaskis qaa digwaufingw tef qaa disinauningw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>was</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋʷ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲar</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>u-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲeb</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-is</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃim</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mə̃n</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>i-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wask</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-is</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>i-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷauf</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋʷ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tef</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>i-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sinaun</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋʷ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Was chingw ñar duñebis chim mẽn diwaskis qaa digwaufingw tef qaa disinauningw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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