Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Tang, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="neut"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> </np> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" comma="after"/> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" comma="after"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="f ə̰ n">fə̰n</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f ɨ p ə ɲ">fɨpəɲ</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM" ph="t ə ŋ">təŋ</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" ph="d ə m">dəm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="t͡ʃ ə t">t͡ʃət</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="f a b">fab</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="h a ʃ">haʃ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ɡ ə s">ɡəs</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d ə">də</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b ɨ kʼ">bɨkʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɲ ai s">ɲais</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="t a m">tam</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="f ə̰ n">fə̰n</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f ɨ p ə ɲ">fɨpəɲ</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM" ph="t ə ŋ">təŋ</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" ph="d ə m">dəm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="t͡ʃ ə t">t͡ʃət</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="f a b">fab</thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="h a ʃ">haʃ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ɡ ə s">ɡəs</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d ə">də</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b ɨ kʼ">bɨkʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɲ ai s">ɲais</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="t a m">tam</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">fə̰n</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">fɨpəɲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" case="NOM">təŋ,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut">dəm</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.plur.neut">t͡ʃət</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN">fab</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">haʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" comma="after">ɡəs,</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">də</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bɨkʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">ɲais</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">tam</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fə̰n</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sam</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fɨpəɲ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">təŋ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dəm</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃət</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fab</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haʃ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡəs</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">də</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨkʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲais</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tam</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span></p> + <p>fə̰n sam fɨpəɲ təŋ, dəm t͡ʃət fab haʃ ɡəs, də bɨkʼ ɲais tam</p> + <p>fe’n sam fypeñ teng, dem chet fab hash ges, de bygk ñais tam</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>fə̰n</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sam</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fɨpəɲ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>təŋ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dəm</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃət</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fab</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haʃ</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡəs</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>də</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨkʼ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲais</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tam</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Fe’n sam fypeñ teng, dem chet fab hash ges, de bygk ñais tam.
But our language arose in a different way.
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