Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Zupi, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
+            <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" role="obj">
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" role="obj">
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
    <np locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc"/>
+      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" gender="neut">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" gender="neut">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a &#xA716;&#xA712;">na꜖꜒</word>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h o &#xA712;&#xA716; h u &#xA712;">ho꜒꜖hu꜒</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x261; a &#xA716;&#xA712;">ɡa꜖꜒</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc" ph="&#x261; u &#xA716;">ɡu꜖</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#xA712;&#xA716;">ɲaː꜒꜖</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="b i &#xA712;">bi꜒</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="m u &#xA712;&#xA716;">mu꜒꜖</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="s a# &#xA712;&#xA716;">sa#꜒꜖</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="z u#&#x2D0; &#xA716; p i &#xA712;&#xA716;">zu#ː꜖pi꜒꜖</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="h i &#xA716; &#x261; i &#xA712;">hi꜖ɡi꜒</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="k u&#x2D0; &#xA716;&#xA712;">kuː꜖꜒</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut" ph="m u&#x2D0; &#xA712;&#xA716;">muː꜒꜖</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="l a&#x2D0; &#xA716;&#xA712;">laː꜖꜒</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a &#xA716;&#xA712;">na꜖꜒</word>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h o &#xA712;&#xA716; h u &#xA712;">ho꜒꜖hu꜒</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x261; a &#xA716;&#xA712;">ɡa꜖꜒</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc" ph="&#x261; u &#xA716;">ɡu꜖</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="&#x272; a&#x2D0; &#xA712;&#xA716;">ɲaː꜒꜖</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="b i &#xA712;">bi꜒</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="m u &#xA712;&#xA716;">mu꜒꜖</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="s a# &#xA712;&#xA716;">sa#꜒꜖</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="z u#&#x2D0; &#xA716; p i &#xA712;&#xA716;">zu#ː꜖pi꜒꜖</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="h i &#xA716; &#x261; i &#xA712;">hi꜖ɡi꜒</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="k u&#x2D0; &#xA716;&#xA712;">kuː꜖꜒</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut" ph="m u&#x2D0; &#xA712;&#xA716;">muː꜒꜖</word>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="l a&#x2D0; &#xA716;&#xA712;">laː꜖꜒</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">na꜖꜒</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ho꜒꜖hu꜒</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɡa꜖꜒</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.masc">ɡu꜖</word>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">ɲaː꜒꜖</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">bi꜒</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">mu꜒꜖</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">sa#꜒꜖</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">zu#ː꜖pi꜒꜖</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="masc">hi꜖ɡi꜒</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="masc">kuː꜖꜒</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="neut">muː꜒꜖</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">laː꜖꜒</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;na꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ho꜒꜖hu꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡa꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡu꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲaː꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bi꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mu꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sã꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zũː꜖pi꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hi꜖ɡi꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kuː꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;muː꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>na꜖꜒ ho꜒꜖hu꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɡu꜖ ɲaː꜒꜖ bi꜒ mu꜒꜖ sã꜒꜖ zũː꜖pi꜒꜖ hi꜖ɡi꜒ kuː꜖꜒ muː꜒꜖ laː꜖꜒</p>
+  <p>ná hòhū gá gu̠ ñaà bī mù saǹ zunun̠pì hi̠gī kuú muù laá</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>na꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ho꜒꜖hu꜒</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡa꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡu꜖</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲaː꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bi꜒</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mu꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sã꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zũː꜖pi꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hi꜖ɡi꜒</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kuː꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>muː꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ná hòhū gá gu̠ ñaà bī mù saǹ zunun̠pì hi̠gī kuú muù laá.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages:

• The language creation questionnaire
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