Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Raiwag, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ au ʃ">t͡ʃauʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="a w">aw</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t a kʷ">takʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="kʷ a t">kʷat</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="xʷ aː ɡʷ">xʷaːɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ʃ">at͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f a kʷ">fakʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ᵏǀ ai n">ᵏǀain</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="j aː xʷ">jaːxʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p au ʃ">pauʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ai m">ɡaim</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ a w">ɡʷaw</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p au ʃ">pauʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ a t ai ɲ a f">ɲataiɲaf</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ au ʃ">t͡ʃauʃ</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="a w">aw</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t a kʷ">takʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="kʷ a t">kʷat</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="xʷ aː ɡʷ">xʷaːɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ʃ">at͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f a kʷ">fakʷ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ᵏǀ ai n">ᵏǀain</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="j aː xʷ">jaːxʷ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p au ʃ">pauʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ ai m">ɡaim</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ a w">ɡʷaw</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p au ʃ">pauʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɲ a t ai ɲ a f">ɲataiɲaf</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a kʷ">akʷ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡ʃauʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">aw</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">takʷ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">kʷat</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">xʷaːɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">at͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">an</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">akʷ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">fakʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">ᵏǀain</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">an</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">at</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">jaːxʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">pauʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɡaim</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">at</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">akʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɡʷaw</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">pauʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɲataiɲaf</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">at</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">at</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">akʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">takʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷat</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷaːɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-an</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-akʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fakʷ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀain</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-an</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaːxʷ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡaim</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-akʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaw</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲataiɲaf</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-akʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃauʃaw takʷ kʷat xʷaːɡʷat͡ʃanakʷ fakʷ ᵏǀainatanat jaːxʷ pauʃ ɡaimatatakʷ ɡʷaw pauʃ ɲataiɲafatatakʷ</p> + <p>t͡ʃauʃaw takʷ kʷat xʷaːɡʷat͡ʃanakʷ fakʷ ᵏǀainatanat jaːxʷ pauʃ ɡaimatatakʷ ɡʷaw pauʃ ɲataiɲafatatakʷ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃauʃ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aw</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>takʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷat</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷaːɡʷ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at͡ʃ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-an</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-akʷ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fakʷ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀain</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-an</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jaːxʷ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pauʃ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡaim</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-akʷ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaw</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pauʃ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲataiɲaf</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-akʷ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>T͡ʃauʃaw takʷ kʷat xʷaːɡʷat͡ʃanakʷ fakʷ ᵏǀainatanat jaːxʷ pauʃ ɡaimatatakʷ ɡʷaw pauʃ ɲataiɲafatatakʷ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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