Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chuboki, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem"> + <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/gender/obligatory
Got fem<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after"/> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="j e ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">jeˈ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d a f aː ˈ ɲ ɛ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cmr V2">dafaːˈɲɛ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="m u" slots="Cms V2">mu</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ b o k i" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">t͡ʃuˈboki</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="k ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">kɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="m a" slots="Cip V2">ma</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="k uː" slots="Cir V1">kuː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="k ɛ" slots="Cms V2">kɛ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="ɡ au ˈ ɡ i" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2">ɡauˈɡi</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="d uː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">duːˈ</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d eː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">deːˈ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k oː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">koːˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f u ˈ b ɛ f o" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">fuˈbɛfo</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ aː ˈ s ɔ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2">t͡ʃaːˈsɔ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/j/ + /d/ > // + /d/
/ɛ/ + /m/ > // + /m/
/s/ + /b/ > // + /b/
/m/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /m/
/j/ + /k/ > // + /j/
/uː/ + /k/ > // + /k/
/s/ + /b/ > // + /b/
/m/ + /ɡ/ > // + /m/
/s/ + /k/ > // + /k/
/m/ + /f/ > // + /f/
/j/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /j/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="j e ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">jeˈ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="j e ˈ">jeˈ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d a f aː ˈ ɲ ɛ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cmr V2">dafaːˈɲɛ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="m u" slots="Cms V2">mu</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d a f aː ˈ ɲ" underlying="d a f aː ˈ ɲ ɛ">dafaːˈɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="m u">mu</thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">bauˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ b o k i" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">t͡ʃuˈboki</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="k ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">kɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="m u ˈ b o k i" underlying="t͡ʃ u ˈ b o k i">muˈboki</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="k ɛ ˈ">kɛˈ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="m a" slots="Cip V2">ma</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="k uː" slots="Cir V1">kuː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="k ɛ" slots="Cms V2">kɛ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="m a">ma</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="j" underlying="k uː">j</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="k ɛ">kɛ</thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">bauˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="ɡ au ˈ ɡ i" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2">ɡauˈɡi</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="d uː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">duːˈ</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d eː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">deːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="m au ˈ ɡ i" underlying="ɡ au ˈ ɡ i">mauˈɡi</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="d uː ˈ">duːˈ</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d eː ˈ">deːˈ</word> <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="s" slots="Cip">s</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k oː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">koːˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="m" slots="Cip">m</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f u ˈ b ɛ f o" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">fuˈbɛfo</word> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="j" slots="Cip">j</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t͡ʃ aː ˈ s ɔ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr V2">t͡ʃaːˈsɔ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k oː ˈ">koːˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f u ˈ b ɛ f o">fuˈbɛfo</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j aː ˈ s ɔ" underlying="t͡ʃ aː ˈ s ɔ">jaːˈsɔ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="j e ˈ">jeˈ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d a f aː ˈ ɲ" underlying="d a f aː ˈ ɲ ɛ">dafaːˈɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="m u">mu</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ">bauˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="m u ˈ b o k i" underlying="t͡ʃ u ˈ b o k i">muˈboki</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="k ɛ ˈ">kɛˈ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="m a">ma</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="j" underlying="k uː">j</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="k ɛ">kɛ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="b au ˈ">bauˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="m au ˈ ɡ i" underlying="ɡ au ˈ ɡ i">mauˈɡi</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="d uː ˈ">duːˈ</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="d eː ˈ">deːˈ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph="" slots="Cip V2"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="s"></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k oː ˈ">koːˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="m"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f u ˈ b ɛ f o">fuˈbɛfo</word> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="j"></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j aː ˈ s ɔ" underlying="t͡ʃ aː ˈ s ɔ">jaːˈsɔ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">jeˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="d a f aː ˈ ɲ ɛ">dafaːˈɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">mu</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" underlying="t͡ʃ u ˈ b o k i">muˈboki,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">kɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">ma</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" underlying="k uː">j</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">kɛ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">bauˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" underlying="ɡ au ˈ ɡ i">mauˈɡi</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after">duːˈ,</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">deːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" underlying="s"></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">koːˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" underlying="m"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">fuˈbɛfo</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" underlying="j"></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" underlying="t͡ʃ aː ˈ s ɔ">jaːˈsɔ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈje</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">daˈfaːɲɛ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-mu</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbau</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃuboki</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkɛ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ma</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuː</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kɛ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbau</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡauɡi</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈduː</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdeː</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkoː</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfubɛfo</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃaːsɔ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span></p> + <p>ˈje daˈfaːɲmu ˈbau ˈmuboki, ˈkɛ ma jkɛ ˈbau ˈmauɡi ˈduː, ˈdeː ˈkoː ˈfubɛfo ˈjaːsɔ</p> + <p>je dafaañmu bau mubóki, kæ ma jkæ bau maugi duu, dee kóó fubæfó jaaso</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈje</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>daˈfaːɲɛ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-mu</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbau</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>m-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃuboki</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkɛ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ma</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuː</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kɛ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbau</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>m-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡauɡi</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈduː</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdeː</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkoː</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>m-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfubɛfo</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃaːsɔ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Je dafaañmu bau mubóki, kæ ma jkæ bau maugi duu, dee kóó fubæfó jaaso.
But our language arose in a different way.
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