Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Naik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - </np> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f ə ˈ">fəˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ʒ iː ˈ">ʒiːˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" ph="m a ˈ ɾ">maˈɾ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʃ u ˈ h">ʃuˈh</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="n u ˈ">nuˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="ɾ au ˈ n">ɾauˈn</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="θ a ˈ ɣ">θaˈɣ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀ iː ˈ b">ᵏǀiːˈb</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʈ u ʃ yː ˈ s">ʈuʃyːˈs</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f ə ˈ">fəˈ</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ʒ iː ˈ">ʒiːˈ</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" ph="m a ˈ ɾ">maˈɾ</word> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʃ u ˈ h">ʃuˈh</word> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="n u ˈ">nuˈ</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="ɾ au ˈ n">ɾauˈn</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="θ a ˈ ɣ">θaˈɣ</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀ iː ˈ b">ᵏǀiːˈb</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʈ u ʃ yː ˈ s">ʈuʃyːˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʈ y ʃ yː ˈ s" underlying="ʈ u ʃ yː ˈ s">ʈyʃyːˈs</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f ə ˈ">fəˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ʒ iː ˈ">ʒiːˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" ph="m a ˈ ɾ">maˈɾ</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʃ u ˈ h">ʃuˈh</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="n u ˈ">nuˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="ɾ au ˈ n">ɾauˈn</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="θ a ˈ ɣ">θaˈɣ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀ iː ˈ b">ᵏǀiːˈb</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɖ u ˈ f">ɖuˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʈ y ʃ yː ˈ s" underlying="ʈ u ʃ yː ˈ s">ʈyʃyːˈs</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">fəˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ʒiːˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">j</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number">maˈɾ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ʃuˈh</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">nuˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">j</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj">ɾauˈn</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɖuˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">θaˈɣ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀiːˈb</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɖuˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" underlying="ʈ u ʃ yː ˈ s">ʈyʃyːˈs</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfə</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒiː</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-j</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃuh</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnu</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-j</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɾaun</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖuf</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθaɣ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀiːb</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖuf</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈuˈʃyːs</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ˈfəs ˈʒiːj ˈmaɾ ˈʃuh ˈnuj ˈɾaun ˈɖuf ˈθaɣ ˈᵏǀiːb ˈɖuf ʈyˈʃyːs</p> + <p>фәс жииј мар шуг нуј раўн д̇уф ѳағ ҁтииб д̇уф т̇үшүүс</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈfə</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒiː</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-j</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmaɾ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃuh</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnu</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-j</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɾaun</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖuf</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈθaɣ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀiːb</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖuf</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈuˈʃyːs</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Фәс жииј мар шуг нуј раўн д̇уф ѳағ ҁтииб д̇уф т̇үшүүс.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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