Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Doeh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module RelN:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module nominalise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
+        <np def="def" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        </np>
+      </np>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m &#x251; v">mɑv</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x292; &#xE6; c">ʒæc</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="p &#xF8; t">pøt</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; u j">ʃuj</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="b i p">bip</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="p o s">pos</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; y &#x292;">ɡyʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="l &#x289; n">lʉn</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l &#x289; &#x283;">lʉʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="&#x261; e n">ɡen</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k y m">kym</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="j u s">jus</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x28E; &#x289; w">ʎʉw</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k y m">kym</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s u m i &#x292;">sumiʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m &#x251; v">mɑv</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x292; &#xE6; c">ʒæc</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="p &#xF8; t">pøt</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x283; u j">ʃuj</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="b i p">bip</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="p o s">pos</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; y &#x292;">ɡyʒ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="l &#x289; n">lʉn</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l &#x289; &#x283;">lʉʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="&#x261; e n">ɡen</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k y m">kym</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="j u s">jus</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x28E; &#x289; w">ʎʉw</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k y m">kym</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s u m i &#x292;">sumiʒ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">mɑv</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʒæc</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">pøt</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">ʃuj</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">bip</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">pos</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">ɡyʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">lʉn</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">lʉʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɡen</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kym</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">jus</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʎʉw</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kym</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">sumiʒ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mɑv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʒæc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pøt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃuj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡyʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lʉn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lʉʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʎʉw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sumiʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>mɑv ʒæc pøt ʃuj bip pos ɡyʒ lʉn lʉʃ ɡen kym jus ʎʉw kym sumiʒ</p>
+  <p>mav zhäty pøt shuj bip pos gyzh lʉn lʉsh gen kym jus llʉw kym sumizh</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>mɑv</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʒæc</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pøt</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃuj</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bip</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pos</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡyʒ</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lʉn</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lʉʃ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡen</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kym</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jus</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʎʉw</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kym</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sumiʒ</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Mav zhäty pøt shuj bip pos gyzh lʉn lʉsh gen kym jus llʉw kym sumizh.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: