Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Jiz, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
+            <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
+        <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
+        <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
    </subs>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
-    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
-    </subs>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x283;+&#x288; i &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">ʃʈiˈθ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e d a &#x2C8; z+b">edaˈzb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; a l">ɽal</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="u &#x2C8; &#x255;+&#x288;">uˈɕʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8;">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="&#xF0;">ð</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="d&#x361;&#x292; i &#x2C8; z">d͡ʒiˈz</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8;">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="&#x255;+&#x294; i &#x2C8; x">ɕʔiˈx</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x263; a &#x2C8; &#x255;">ɣaˈɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="h i &#x263;">hiɣ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="n i t u &#x2C8; r">nituˈr</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x27D; e &#x2C8; r">ɽeˈr</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="z o &#x2C8; c">zoˈc</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p o &#x2C8; &#x255;">poˈɕ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x283;+&#x288; i &#x2C8; &#x3B8;">ʃʈiˈθ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e d a &#x2C8; z+b">edaˈzb</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; a l">ɽal</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="u &#x2C8; &#x255;+&#x288;">uˈɕʈ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8;">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="&#xF0;">ð</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="d&#x361;&#x292; i &#x2C8; z">d͡ʒiˈz</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8;">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="&#x255;+&#x294; i &#x2C8; x">ɕʔiˈx</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x263; a &#x2C8; &#x255;">ɣaˈɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="h i &#x263;">hiɣ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="n i t u &#x2C8; r">nituˈr</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x27D; e &#x2C8; r">ɽeˈr</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="z o &#x2C8; c">zoˈc</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p o &#x2C8; &#x255;">poˈɕ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ʃʈiˈθ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">j</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">edaˈzb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">aj</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽal</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">d</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.masc">uˈɕʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">aj</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">ð</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">d͡ʒiˈz</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">t͡ʃaˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">ɕʔiˈx</word>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ɣaˈɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">hiɣ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">nituˈr</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">ɽeˈr</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">zoˈc</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">poˈɕ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃʈiθ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;j-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈedazb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-aj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;d-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈuɕʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-aj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈt͡ʃa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ð&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈd͡ʒiz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈt͡ʃa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɕʔix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɣaɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hiɣ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;niˈtur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɽer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈzoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpoɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈʃʈiθ jeˈdazbaj ɽal ˈduɕʈaj ˈt͡ʃað ˈd͡ʒiz ˈt͡ʃaf ˈɕʔix ˈɣaɕ hiɣ niˈtur ˈɽer ˈzoc ˈpoɕ</p>
+  <p>шт̇иѳ једазбај р̇ал дущт̇ај чаҙ џиз чаф щӏих ғащ гиғ нитур р̇ер зоќ пощ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃʈiθ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>j-</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈedazb</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-aj</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽal</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>d-</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈuɕʈ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-aj</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈt͡ʃa</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ð</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈd͡ʒiz</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈt͡ʃa</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-f</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɕʔix</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɣaɕ</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hiɣ</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>niˈtur</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɽer</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈzoc</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpoɕ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Шт̇иѳ једазбај р̇ал дущт̇ај чаҙ џиз чаф щӏих ғащ гиғ нитур р̇ер зоќ пощ.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: