Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Kab, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2noun:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim" number="sing"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> + <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="anim"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="anim"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="anim"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="anim" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/obligatory
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="anim"> - <subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ʃ ɨ f">ʃɨf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʔ ə ɲ">ʔəɲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʔ ɨ ɓ ə#ː f">ʔɨɓə#ːf</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɨ p">ɨp</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="kʷ aː ɓ">kʷaːɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim" ph="t a t͡ɕ">tat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ʃ">at͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n a ɓ">naɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim" ph="t ɨ n">tɨn</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t͡ɕ ɨ t͡ɕ">t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="kʼʷ ɨ f">kʼʷɨf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɲ">əɲ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="ʔ au t͡ʃ">ʔaut͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="k ɨ ŋʷ">kɨŋʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim" ph="ɓ ai h">ɓaih</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ʃ ɨ f">ʃɨf</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʔ ə ɲ">ʔəɲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʔ ɨ ɓ ə#ː f">ʔɨɓə#ːf</word> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɨ p">ɨp</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="kʷ aː ɓ">kʷaːɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim" ph="t a t͡ɕ">tat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="a t͡ʃ">at͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n a ɓ">naɓ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim" ph="t ɨ n">tɨn</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t͡ɕ ɨ t͡ɕ">t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="kʼʷ ɨ f">kʼʷɨf</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɲ">əɲ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="s ai kʼ">saikʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="ʔ au t͡ʃ">ʔaut͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim" ph="k ɨ ŋʷ">kɨŋʷ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim" ph="ɓ ai h">ɓaih</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a t">at</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ʃɨf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʔəɲ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʔɨɓə#ːf</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɨp</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim">kʷaːɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">at</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="anim">saikʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3.anim" obj="3.anim">tat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">at͡ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">naɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim">tɨn</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">at</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="anim">saikʼ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">kʼʷɨf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əɲ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">saikʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim">ʔaut͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">at</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" gender="anim">kɨŋʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="inanim">ɓaih</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">at</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃɨf</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔəɲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔɨɓə̃ːf</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨp</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷaːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saikʼ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tɨn</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saikʼ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷɨf</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saikʼ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaut͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɨŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓaih</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-at</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ʃɨf ʔəɲ ʔɨɓə̃ːfɨp kʷaːɓat saikʼ tat͡ɕat͡ʃ naɓ tɨnat saikʼ t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ kʼʷɨfəɲ saikʼ ʔaut͡ʃat kɨŋʷ ɓaihat</p> + <p>shyf qeñ qybbẽẽfyp quaabbat saigk tatyach nabb tynat saigk tyyty gquyfeñ saigk qauchat kyngw bbaihat</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʃɨf</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔəɲ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔɨɓə̃ːf</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨp</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷaːɓ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saikʼ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tat͡ɕ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at͡ʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naɓ</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tɨn</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saikʼ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷɨf</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɲ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saikʼ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaut͡ʃ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kɨŋʷ</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓaih</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-at</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Shyf qeñ qybbẽẽfyp quaabbat saigk tatyach nabb tynat saigk tyyty gquyfeñ saigk qauchat kyngw bbaihat.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: