Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Mesh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> </np> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"/> - </subs> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t oː ɾ">toːɾ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="dʷ a m aː">dʷamaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="tʷ">tʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="i ɾ">iɾ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="m e ʃ">meʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="sʷ a">sʷa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="i ɾ">iɾ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="t aː nʷ">taːnʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="p yː">pyː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" ph="ɾʷ i ɾ u n">ɾʷiɾun</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p a n">pan</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="kʷ i">kʷi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w y s">wys</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="ɾ yː dʷ">ɾyːdʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="p a s">pas</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="j y m">jym</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t oː ɾ">toːɾ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="dʷ a m aː">dʷamaː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="tʷ">tʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="i ɾ">iɾ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="m e ʃ">meʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1" ph="sʷ a">sʷa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="i ɾ">iɾ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="t aː nʷ">taːnʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="p yː">pyː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing" ph="ɾʷ i ɾ u n">ɾʷiɾun</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p a n">pan</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="kʷ i">kʷi</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w y s">wys</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="ɾ yː dʷ">ɾyːdʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" ph="p a s">pas</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="j y m">jym</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">toːɾ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">dʷamaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">tʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">k</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">iɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">meʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">sʷa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">m</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">k</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">iɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">taːnʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.5" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">pyː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">ɾʷiɾun</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">pan</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">kʷi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">wys</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">ɾyːdʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">pas</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">jym</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">toːɾ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʷamaː</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-tʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">meʃ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-un</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷa</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-m</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">taːnʷ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-un</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pyː</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾʷiɾun</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pan</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-wys</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾyːdʷ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-un</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pas</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jym</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span></p> + <p>toːɾ dʷamaːtʷykiɾ meʃun sʷamykiɾ taːnʷun pyːɾ ɾʷiɾun pan kʷiwys ɾyːdʷun pas jym</p> + <p>тоор двамаатвүкир мешун свамүкир таанвун пүүр рвирун пан квиўүс рүүдвун пас јүм</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>toːɾ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʷamaː</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-tʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iɾ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>meʃ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-un</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷa</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-m</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iɾ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>taːnʷ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-un</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pyː</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾʷiɾun</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pan</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-wys</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾyːdʷ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-un</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pas</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jym</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Тоор двамаатвүкир мешун свамүкир таанвун пүүр рвирун пан квиўүс рүүдвун пас јүм.
But our language arose in a different way.
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