Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Tes, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" gender="masc"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMPaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m y ˈ ɡ">myˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="o f">of</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ ʉ s">tˤʉs</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="nˤ u ˈ n">nˤuˈn</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="l ʉ ˈ m">lʉˈm</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p y ˈ l">pyˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="w a ˈ s">waˈs</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="z a ˈ nˤ">zaˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="sˤ a ˈ n">sˤaˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɲ a ˈ f">ɲaˈf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h ø ˈ nˤ">høˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɓ o w y ˈ nˤ">ɓowyˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m y ˈ ɡ">myˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="o f">of</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ø f" underlying="o f">øf</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ ʉ s">tˤʉs</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="nˤ u ˈ n">nˤuˈn</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="l ʉ ˈ m">lʉˈm</word> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p y ˈ l">pyˈl</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="w a ˈ s">waˈs</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="z a ˈ nˤ">zaˈnˤ</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="sˤ a ˈ n">sˤaˈn</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɲ a ˈ f">ɲaˈf</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h ø ˈ nˤ">høˈnˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɓ o w y ˈ nˤ">ɓowyˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɓ ø w y ˈ nˤ" underlying="ɓ o w y ˈ nˤ">ɓøwyˈnˤ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m y ˈ ɡ">myˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ø f" underlying="o f">øf</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ ʉ s">tˤʉs</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="nˤ u ˈ n">nˤuˈn</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="l ʉ ˈ m">lʉˈm</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p y ˈ l">pyˈl</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc" ph="w a ˈ s">waˈs</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j ʉ ˈ">jʉˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="z a ˈ nˤ">zaˈnˤ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="sˤ a ˈ n">sˤaˈn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɲ a ˈ f">ɲaˈf</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h ø ˈ nˤ">høˈnˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɓ ø w y ˈ nˤ" underlying="ɓ o w y ˈ nˤ">ɓøwyˈnˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="d o ˈ sˤ">doˈsˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">myˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" underlying="o f">øf</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">tˤʉs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">jʉˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">nˤuˈn</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">lʉˈm</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">pyˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="masc">waˈs</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">jʉˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">zaˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">sˤaˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ɲaˈf</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">doˈsˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">høˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" underlying="ɓ o w y ˈ nˤ">ɓøwyˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">doˈsˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmyɡ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-of</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤʉs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjʉ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤun</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈlʉm</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpyl</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈwas</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjʉ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzanˤ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤan</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲaf</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdosˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhønˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓoˈwynˤ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdosˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈmyɡøf tˤʉs ˈjʉf ˈnˤun ˈlʉm ˈpyl ˈwas ˈjʉf ˈzanˤ ˈsˤan ˈɲaf ˈdosˤ ˈhønˤ ɓøˈwynˤ ˈdosˤ</p> + <p>mygöf ṭʉs jʉf ṇun lʉm pyl was jʉf zaṇ ṣan ñaf doṣ höṇ bböwyṇ doṣ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmyɡ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-of</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤʉs</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjʉ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤun</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈlʉm</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpyl</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈwas</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjʉ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzanˤ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤan</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲaf</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdosˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhønˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓoˈwynˤ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdosˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Mygöf ṭʉs jʉf ṇun lʉm pyl was jʉf zaṇ ṣan ñaf doṣ höṇ bböwyṇ doṣ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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