Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Yud, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.singaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a̰ n">ha̰n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="aː s">aːs</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ ɡ">ḭɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="h a ɽ">haɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ŋ e m">ŋem</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="f ḛ">fḛ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b i k">bik</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ aː w">t͡ʃaːw</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="j o̰ t">jo̰t</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="f ḛ">fḛ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɲ">ɲ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʈ aː d">ʈaːd</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ɽ">fiɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡ i t">ɡit</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="j o n">jon</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ɽ">fiɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="p i t͡ʃ o k">pit͡ʃok</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a̰ n">ha̰n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="aː s">aːs</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="ḭ ɡ">ḭɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="h a ɽ">haɽ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="ŋ e m">ŋem</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="f ḛ">fḛ</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b i k">bik</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ aː w">t͡ʃaːw</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="j o̰ t">jo̰t</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="f ḛ">fḛ</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɲ">ɲ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʈ aː d">ʈaːd</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ɽ">fiɽ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɡ i t">ɡit</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="j o n">jon</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i ɽ">fiɽ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="p i t͡ʃ o k">pit͡ʃok</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ha̰n</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">aːs</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">ḭɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">haɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">ŋem</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">fḛ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">f</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bik</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃaːw</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">jo̰t</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">fḛ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɲ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ʈaːd</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">fiɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɡit</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">jon</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">fiɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">pit͡ʃok</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ha̰n</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">n-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aːs</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭɡ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haɽ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋem</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fḛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bik</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃaːw</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jo̰t</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fḛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɲ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈaːd</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡit</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jon</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pit͡ʃok</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ha̰n naːsḭɡ haɽ ŋem fḛf bik t͡ʃaːw jo̰t fḛɲ ʈaːd fiɽ ɡit jon fiɽ pit͡ʃok</p> + <p>ha’n naasi’g harr ngem fe’f bik chaaw jo’t fe’ñ rtaad firr git jon firr pichok</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ha̰n</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>n-</o> + <g>3.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aːs</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭɡ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haɽ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋem</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fḛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bik</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃaːw</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jo̰t</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fḛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɲ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈaːd</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiɽ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡit</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jon</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiɽ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pit͡ʃok</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ha’n naasi’g harr ngem fe’f bik chaaw jo’t fe’ñ rtaad firr git jon firr pichok.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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