Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Huny, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.defaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t a ˈ h">taˈh</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡ʃ">ut͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="l o ʃ">loʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" ph="f u ˈ j">fuˈj</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="nˤ e ˈ n">nˤeˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="h au ˈ ŋʷ">hauˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ t">t͡ʃaˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="f au ˈ s">fauˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f a ˈ t">faˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w e ˈ ŋ">weˈŋ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w i ˈ p">wiˈp</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a f i ˈ n">jafiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w e ˈ ŋ">weˈŋ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t a ˈ h">taˈh</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡ʃ">ut͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="l o ʃ">loʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" ph="f u ˈ j">fuˈj</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="nˤ e ˈ n">nˤeˈn</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="h au ˈ ŋʷ">hauˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ t">t͡ʃaˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="f au ˈ s">fauˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f a ˈ t">faˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w e ˈ ŋ">weˈŋ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w i ˈ p">wiˈp</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="j a f i ˈ n">jafiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ">sˤ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w e ˈ ŋ">weˈŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">taˈh</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">ut͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">loʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">fuˈj</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">u</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">s</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nˤeˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">hauˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">t͡ʃaˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">fauˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">faˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">weˈŋ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">wiˈp</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">jafiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">weˈŋ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtah</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">loʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfuj</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤen</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhauŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃat</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfaus</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfat</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈweŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈwip</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaˈfin</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈweŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈtahut͡ʃ loʃ ˈfujus ˈnˤen ˈhauŋʷis ˈt͡ʃatis ˈfausis ˈfatisˤ ˈweŋ ˈwip jaˈfinisˤ ˈweŋ</p> + <p>tahuch losh fujus ṇen haungwis chatis fausis fatiṣ weng wip jafiniṣ weng</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtah</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡ʃ</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>loʃ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfuj</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤen</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhauŋʷ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃat</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfaus</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfat</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈweŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈwip</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jaˈfin</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈweŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Tahuch losh fujus ṇen haungwis chatis fausis fatiṣ weng wip jafiniṣ weng.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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